Abstract
The identification of exosomes, their link to multivesicular bodies and their potential role as a messenger vehicle between cancer and healthy cells opens up a new approach to the study of intercellular signaling. Furthermore, the fact that their main cargo is likely to be microRNAs (miRNAs) provides the possibility of the transfer of such molecules to control activities in the recipient cells. This review concerns a brief overview of the biogenesis of both exosomes and miRNAs together with the movement of such structures between cells. The possible roles of miRNAs in the development and progression of breast, ovarian and prostate cancers are discussed.
Highlights
Membrane vesicles were considered as cell debris and signs of cell death; they were known as micro-particles when present in blood and as prostasomes when in seminal fluid [1]
DU145-derived exosomes contained miR-125a that suppressed AKT1 expression and proliferation in recipient human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and macrophages [152]. Exosomes with their cargo of miRNAs are released from different sources, amongst others from heterogeneous areas of the primary tumor, metastases or other organs affected by tumor burden
Exosomal miRNAs have multiple functions leading to tumor cell development, growth, migration, invasion, dissemination and metastasis, impairment of the immune system response and/or drug resistance [95,108,153]
Summary
Membrane vesicles were considered as cell debris and signs of cell death; they were known as micro-particles when present in blood and as prostasomes when in seminal fluid [1]. It was proposed that this occurred by (i) uptake of the diferric transferrin via endocytosis followed by the production of a pleiomorphic class of small vesicles and tubules with either (ii) removal of iron from transferrin for transfer to the cytoplasm or (iii) the apo-transferrin-receptor complex recycling to the plasma membrane where apo-transferrin separates from the receptor or (iv) those Tf-Rs due to leave the cell segregate in inclusion vesicles of MVBs for release by MVB exocytosis These MVBs showed no reaction for selected acid hydrolases as would be expected of the lysosomal system components. The present review will consider the biogenesis of both exosomes and miRNAs and the role of miRNAs in breast, ovarian and prostate cancers
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