Abstract
Nitrogen is a paramount important essential element for all living organisms. It has been found to be a crucial structural component of proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes and other cellular constituents, which are inevitable for all forms of life. In the atmosphere, the percentage of nitrogen is very high (N2, 78%) compared to other inorganic gases. However, most organisms have practically no direct access to this nitrogen. While plants cannot directly uptake nitrogen from atmosphere, they are capable of assimilating other forms of nitrogen for example ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-). For agricultural crop production, artificial fixation of nitrogen is heavily utilized and it is an expensive process that requires high temperatures (at least 400°C) and pressures (around 200atm). It has been conspicuously demonstrated that indiscriminate use of fertilizer hampers soil physical, chemical and micro biological properties and a potential risk to environment e.g. water quality. Besides, chemically manufactured fertilizers are depleted from soils in various ways, for instance; denitrifying bacteria, volatilization, and leaching. Consequently, it results relatively poor availability of nitrogen to get into plants. On the flipside, only 1-2% of the nitrogen fixation in the world occurs through the natural process of lightening. Notably, microbial fixation is well characterized in diazotrophs for example: Rhizobia and Frankia, and blue-green algae. Against the backdrop, we are accentuated on an environmentally friendly and the most sustainable approach to increase productivity for legume and non-legume crops. Till today, the term Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) has received much attention as a sustainable alternative; this process facilitates atmospheric nitrogen to convert into ammonia by rhizobia in specialized plan organs termed “root nodules”. This review article seeks to better understand plant mechanisms involved in the development of root nodules in soybean.
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