Microplastic and nanoparticles contaminated feed impairs common carp (Cyprinus carpio) growth performance and metabolic regulation

Effect of exercise intensity on growth performance, serum biochemistry parameters, liver antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in recirculating aquaculture system

The aim of the present study was to examine the survival and growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in water with different pH values. Carp (17.8 ± 1.21 cm; 52.14 ± 7.13 g) were transferred to 21 tanks previously adjusted with 7 different pH values: 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0. Each value had 3 replicates, and all experiments lasted for 21 days. The survival and growth of carp were assessed at days 7, 14, and 21. At the end of the 21 days, greater weight, length, survival, and biomass were found for pH values of 7.5 and 8.0. The coefficient variations of weight were significantly different among the treatments. The results suggest that the best range for the survival and growth of carp is pH 7.5-8.0.

Effects of dietary arginine supplementation on growth, biochemical, and immunological responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), stressed by stocking density

Growth performance and immune status in common carp Cyprinus carpio as affected by plant oil-based diets complemented with β-glucan

Dietary supplementation of olive leaf extract enhances growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and growth related genes expression in common carp Cyprinus carpio

Effects of growth hormone over-expression on reproduction in the common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

This study investigated the effect of different levels of dietary niacin on growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activity, and biochemical body composition of juvenile of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A formulated basal diet with 28 mg native niacin kg−1 was fortified with nicotinic acid to provide 50, 70, 90, or 110 mg kg−1diet. Fish with initial average weight of 25 ± 0.28 g were fed to visual satiation three times per day in triplicate for 8 weeks. The results showed that 90 mg niacin significantly improved (P < 0.05) growth performance and feed utilization of fish compared to the control group. The increase in dietary niacin level resulted in an increasing trend of whole-body protein and lipid content (P < 0.05). Moreover, Lipase, total protease, and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed 90 mg niacin kg−1 diet than that in the control group. Using polynomial regression, the optimum dietary niacin level in C. carpio juveniles was estimated as 98 mg kg−1 diet when percentage of body weight gain was plotted against dietary niacin levels.

Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by insulin and glucagon in vivo and in vitro in common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Tolerance assessment of dietary bile acids in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fed a high plant protein diet

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of total and partial replacement of fishmeal with defatted yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) meal on one-summer-old common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with an initial bodyweight of 97.54 g ± 51.0 g. Fish were kept in an experimental recirculating aquaculture system (9 x 250 L tanks) and fed with two experimental diets formulated with mealworm meal replacements and one control, which had 100 g/kg fishmeal without mealworm meal (MWM0). In the first treatment, 50% of fishmeal was replaced with mealworm meal (MWM50). In the second treatment, fishmeal was replaced totally with mealworm meal (MWM100). Fish were fed three times per day at 3.0% of fish biomass. After six weeks of the experimental period, growth performance, nutrient utilization, body composition, and biometric indices were compared. The results revealed that the growth performance of common carp was not affected significantly by the inclusion level of mealworm meal. However, the highest weight gain was observed in MWM100, where specific growth rate was 0.76 ± 0.10 g/day. Crude fat content of the fish body differed significantly between experimental groups and the control. This investigation demonstrated that MWM could be used as an alternative dietary protein source to replace fishmeal without adverse effects on the growth performance of one-summer-old common carp.

Effect of feeding apidaecin on common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) growth performances and immune function

A feeding trial spanning two months was conducted to evaluate the effects of Chlamydomonas sp. on growth performance, water quality, survival, proximate composition and biochemical profile of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) where fishmeal was partially replaced using Chlamydomonas sp. in the diet. Twenty uniform-sized common carp fries were distributed into triplicate groups and placed in 40-liter rectangular glass tanks. Chlamydomonas sp. was added at different levels in the diet: 0 % (control), 5 % (C5), 10 % (C10), 15 % (C15) along with the commercial feed (CMF). After the experiment, random sampling of fish was performed to conduct all the analyses. Significant variations (p < 0.05) were found in the chemical water quality parameters. The highest survival rate was recorded from C15 (81.67 %) followed by C10 (71.67 %), CMF (63.33 %) and C5 (58.33 %) respectively compared with the control (43.2 %). There were significant differences (p < 0.05) observed among all the treatments in terms of Average Daily Gains (ADG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and length increments. Protein content ranged the highest and the lowest in C15 (35.6 %) and control (24.8 %) respectively. The C15 group showed the highest lipid content (15.7 %) and the control group showed the lowest lipid (8.4 %). The inclusion of Chlamydomonas sp. in the diet had a significant positive impact on the fatty acid and amino acid profile of whole common carp. Present data revealed that substituting a portion of fishmeal with Chlamydomonas sp. powder could provide higher growth performance, offering both nutritional benefits and higher survival rate in common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

The work aimed to comprehensively study the impact of innovative feed additives on the physiological state, growth, and development of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The object of the research was two-year-old common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Three hundred fish specimens were selected for the experiment, with an average initial weight of ~250 g. All selected fish were divided into three groups of 100 specimens each: the Control group (C) received standard feed without innovative additives. Experimental group 1 received feed with the prebiotic inulin. Experimental group 2 received feed with probiotics containing Bacillus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. The studies found that at the end of the year, the live weight of fish receiving innovative additives was higher, compared to the control group, by 70 g when using inulin and by 120 g when using probiotics. Optimal growth of carp is observed at water temperatures of 20–24 °C (June–August), after which the growth rate decreases. Adding inulin and probiotics to the feed improves protein digestion. It increases the moisture content of the intestinal contents, especially in the group with probiotics, reducing their fat component and carbohydrate content. Inulin also positively affects the composition of the intestinal contents, especially in terms of protein digestion, but its effect is less pronounced than that of probiotics. Adding inulin and probiotics improves the sanitary condition of water bodies, an essential factor in maintaining fish health and ecological balance. Both additives demonstrate a similar effect in reducing microbial pollution, which indicates their effectiveness in improving the quality of the aquatic environment. Feeding fish with probiotics and inulin significantly improves their productivity, increases survival, feed digestion, and contributes to greater weight gain. The most effective probiotics provided the highest average daily gain, the best feed conversion ratio, and maximum survival.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of a blend of safflower and fish oil on the growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) since it is one of the most cultured fish in aquaculture. In recent years there has been a considerable increase in the demand for fish consumption worldwide. This increase has made it necessary to look for alternative sources of the highly limited traditional fish oils from small pelagic fish, and from vegetable sources. Safflower oil, which contains a high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, specifically linoleic acid, has the potential to enhance both growth performance and nutrient retention in various fish species. The present experiment included 3 treatments, where each treatment was further replicated twice (2 tanks per treatment, 7 fish per tank). The treatment groups T1, T2, and T3 received a diet with pre-decided safflower oil levels, and fish oil but varied in the ratio of mixtures. These were 0.5, 0.75, and 1 for experimental groups T1, T2, and T3 respectively. The final weight, SGR (specific growth rate), FCR (feed conversion ratio), proximate composition (protein, fat, moisture content and ash) of body were bi-weekly growth performance indicators in a 56-day experiment. Water was measured bi-daily by weighing the fish every 14 days except during each cleaning when the waste was siphoned out and routine water partial changes were done. It was found that as ratios of safflower Oil to fish oil increased, there also followed an increase in growth and nutritional parameters. The highest mixture level significantly improved growth performance, protein efficiency ratio (PER), and body composition over other treatments. Growth rates of common carp fed safflower + fish oil was improved due to better nutrient utilization for muscle development as opposed to deposition of fats. This implies that safflower oil might have the potential to induce lean muscle gain in common carp. These results indicate the successful substitution of safflower oil for fish oil in common carp diets. Thus, safflower oil can be a sustainable and nutritionally effective partial replacement for fish oil in common carp feed. This is advantageous from the cost point of view and is full of possibilities for the future of vegetable oil. Future experiments should be carried out to study the dietary effects and chronic impacts of safflower oil in common carp diets and its universal application

This study sought to examine the role of bile acids in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, intestinal flora, and growth in high-fat diet-fed common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish (6.34 ± 0.07 g) were fed for 56 days with three different diets, the control diet (CO, 5.4% lipid), high-fat diet (HF, 11% lipid), and high-fat diet with 60 mg/kg bile acids (BAs, 11% lipid). The results showed that high-fat diets resulted in poor growth performance and increased triglyceride (TG) in serum and the liver. The addition of bile acids significantly alleviated the adverse effects of a high-fat diet. The mRNA expression results indicated that bile acids may improve lipid metabolism through the enhancement of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARa). The expression of gluconeogenesis-related phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA was inhibited, while fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) was significantly higher. Bile acids reshaped the intestinal microflora community, with the level of Bacteroidetes increasing. The correlation analysis indicated that Patescibacteria, Dependentiae, Myxococcota, and Planctomycetota in the gut are associated with genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. These results indicated that bile acids could ameliorate the negative effects of high-fat diets on common carp.