Abstract
Vaccines have greatly contributed to the prevention of infectious diseases. Most current vaccines are inoculated by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection using syringes. These inoculation methods involve pain, bleeding, fear, needlestick accidents. One promising method that can overcome these disadvantages is vaccination using microneedles. MN materials are already FDA-approved for implantation or parenteral delivery for other applications. MNs can increase the transdermal permeability and deliver vaccine compounds including proteins, genetic materials and so on. There are several types of microneedles. Among them, a number of research and development has been carried out on coated MN and dissolving MN. The surface of coated MN is coated with the vaccine. On inserting into the skin, the vaccine is directly deposited into the epidermis or the upper dermis layer. Dissolving MNs are fabricated with biodegradable polymers by encapsulating the vaccine into the polymer. After inserting dissolving MN into the skin, dissolution takes place which releases the vaccine. Conventional influenza vaccines and universal vaccine candidates have been shown to be delivered to the body using MN and to have effective immunogenicity. DNA vaccines are simple to induce both of cellular and humoral immune response that make them attractive vaccine candidates. A disadvantage of DNA vaccines is their poor immunogenicity in intramuscular administration. Hepatitis B virus DNA has been shown to induce effective immunity by administration using MN with an adjuvant. This review introduces concrete works for microneedle vaccines against influenza and hepatitis B.
Highlights
Administration without pain, bleeding and needle-stick injury is the ideal way of vaccination
The surface of coated MN is coated with the vaccine
On inserting into the skin, the vaccine is directly deposited into the epidermis or the upper dermis layer
Summary
Administration without pain, bleeding and needle-stick injury is the ideal way of vaccination. Hypodermic injections are associated with pain and distress that might lead to poor patient compliance and require highly trained personnel for administration They are associated with a risk of disease transmission due to the possibility of needle-stick injuries or reuse of contaminated needles. Whereas subcutaneous fat and muscle tissue contain relatively few DCs, the dermis and the epidermis are densely populated by different subsets of DCs. antigen delivery by hypodermic injection will bypass the Journal of Biomaterials 2019; 3(1): 24-27 skin’s immune cells leading to less efficient vaccination. Antigen delivery by hypodermic injection will bypass the Journal of Biomaterials 2019; 3(1): 24-27 skin’s immune cells leading to less efficient vaccination For this reason, the skin represents an ideal site for vaccine delivery, as vaccination at this site will evoke strong immune responses at much lower doses of antigen than intramuscular vaccines [5]. Transdermal permeability has been increased by as much as four orders of magnitude and shown to deliver compounds including proteins, genetic materials (e.g., oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA) and latex particles of viral dimensions in vitro and in vivo [12]
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