Microgrid protection against high impedance faults with robustness to harmonic intrusion and weather intermittency

Abstract

The high impedance faults (HIF) in microgrids are characterized by low magnitude fault current with inherent non-linearity and random behavior. The possible weather intermittency in PV integrated microgrids and the intrusion of harmonics due to power converters and non-linear loading, further reduce the fault current during HIF. The insignificant fault current does not allow detection of HIF by conventional overcurrent relays. In this regard, a reliable and robust protection scheme based on the combined framework of probabilistic modelling, least square and Adaline algorithm, sine cosine algorithm (SCA) and support vector machine (SVM), has been proposed to perform the tasks of mode detection, fault detection/classification and section identification during HIF in microgrid. The algorithm involves online extraction of harmonic components and stochastic modelling of intermittency in solar irradiance. The performance of the proposed scheme has been analysed in terms of robustness against harmonics intrusion and weather intermittency during HIF. The performance comparison of the proposed scheme with the decision tree (DT) and classical SVM based techniques reflects its effectiveness with improved immunity against harmonic intrusion and weather intermittency. Further, the proposed scheme has been validated using OPAL-RT digital simulator for evaluating its appropriateness in real-time settings.