Abstract
The measurement of magnetic properties of various physical systems with nanometric spatial resolution raises interest in areas such as materials science, biotechnology, and information storage and processing. In the present work, a microcontroller-based magnetometer was built using a single nitrogen-vacancy defect in a nanodiamond. The implemented nanomagnetometry method is simple and relies on the frequency modulation of the nitrogen-vacancy defect electron spin resonance using square pulses of an externally applied magnetic field and employs a single microwave source. The developed system has a reasonable sensitivity of 4 μT/Hz and is able to measure magnetic field variations at a rate of around 4 mT/s. This system was used for nanoimaging the inhomogeneous spatial magnetic field profile of a magnetized steel microwire, and a spatial magnetic field gradient of 13 μT/63 nm was measured. Besides its usefulness in nanoscale imaging of magnetic fields, the present work can be of interest in the development of compact nanodiamond based magnetometers.
Highlights
Understanding the magnetic properties at the nanoscale is an important tool in the creation of several devices with novel functionalities.1,2 For example, ultra-dense magnetic data storage relies on sensing magnetic field gradients at the nanoscale,3 while nanoscopic spintronic devices may play an important role in information processing.4 The measurement and control of magnetic fields with nanoscale accuracy is relevant in biotechnology, where, for example, the targeted application of forces5 and torques6 is needed
Important for magnetic field sensing, the electronic ground state is a spin triplet that can be optically pumped with linearly polarized green light to its magnetic sublevel ms = 0.13 A non-radiative intersystem crossing substantially couples the excited states with m∗s = ±1 to a singlet state with mSs = 0, which decays to the ms = 0 ground state magnetic sublevel
Given that the ms = ±1 sublevels are degenerate at zero external magnetic field and present coupling characteristics with the electronic excited states, which lead to a non-negligible nonradiative decay route, the PL signal typically reduces about 20% when the MW field νMW couples ms = 0 to one of the ms = ±1 sublevels
Summary
Understanding the magnetic properties at the nanoscale is an important tool in the creation of several devices with novel functionalities. For example, ultra-dense magnetic data storage relies on sensing magnetic field gradients at the nanoscale, while nanoscopic spintronic devices may play an important role in information processing. The measurement and control of magnetic fields with nanoscale accuracy is relevant in biotechnology, where, for example, the targeted application of forces and torques is needed. For ESR modulation, another Arduino-controlled approach is implemented that incorporates a bipolar home-made current source (H-Bridge), a device, which feeds a wire loop allowing for the generation of magnetic fields in the opposite directions. Scitation.org/journal/adv perform as essential device for data acquisition, it must synchronize APD pulses with the MW generator signal, the modulation field and separately allocate each data (APD counts) in different variables of the control program for further analysis as well To reach this goal, a C++ programming language is used. This work brings results of nanomagnetometry, exploiting single NV− defects in individual NDs, using an approach compromising on spatial resolution, sensitivity, and experimental simplicity based on a phase-locked loop photon counting system implemented using an Arduino Due board. It is demonstrated that the system is able to image magnetic fields with high spatial resolution and reasonable sensitivity
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