Abstract
The microbiota is of interest for the development of a therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to its impact on the host immune system. Proven communications of the gut microbiota with the pulmonary microbiota (gut–lung axis) and the pathway of neural connections between the gut and brain (gut–brain axis) may be important in the face of the pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 was shown to affect almost all organs because of the presence of a host receptor known as angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The ACE2 receptor is mainly present in the brush border of intestinal enterocytes, ciliary cells, and type II alveolar epithelial cells in the lungs. The transport function of ACE2 has been linked to the ecology of gut microbes in the digestive tract, suggesting that COVID-19 may be related to the gut microbiota. The severity of COVID-19 may be associated with a number of comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and/or old age; therefore, attention is also paid to multiple morbidities and the modulation of microbiota through comorbidities and medications. This paper reviews the research in the context of the state of the intestinal microbiota and its impact on the cells of the immune system during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Highlights
Accepted: 28 September 2021The gut microbiota and its connection with the functioning of the innate and adaptive immune systems constitute an active area of scientific research [1]
In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 beta-coronavirus, it is essential to recognize the mechanisms responsible for the host immune response caused by contact with the virus
Several mechanisms are responsible for poor prognosis in diabetic patients with COVID-19; the influence of the pharmaceuticals used for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection may contribute to the deterioration of glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and, induce additional impairment of the innate immune response, promote the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and intensify a decrease in the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) [71]
Summary
The gut microbiota and its connection with the functioning of the innate and adaptive immune systems constitute an active area of scientific research [1]. In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 beta-coronavirus, it is essential to recognize the mechanisms responsible for the host immune response caused by contact with the virus. Due to frequent symptoms indicative of respiratory disease in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, the lungs appear to be the primary organ affected by COVID-19 disease. Improving the intestinal microflora system by personalized nutrition is thought to enhance immunity and may be a significant prophylactic factor that minimizes the impact of viral infections in the elderly and immunocompromised patients, in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic [1]. This review summarizes the available knowledge and possible links of intestinal microbiota with immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID19 severity
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