Abstract
The human body and its microbiome constitute a highly delicate system. The gut microbiome participates in the absorption of the host’s nutrients and metabolism, maintains the microcirculation, and modulates the immune response. Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiome dysbiosis in the body not only affects the occurrence and development of tumors but also tumor prognosis and treatment. Microbiome have been implicated in tumor control in patients undergoing anti- angiogenesis therapy and immunotherapy. In cases with unsatisfactory responses to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy, appropriate adjustment of microbes abundance is considered to enhance the treatment response. Here, we review the current research progress in cancer immunotherapy and anti- angiogenesis therapy, as well as the unlimited potential of their combination, especially focusing on how the interaction between intestinal microbiota and the immune system affects cancer pathogenesis and treatment. In addition, we discuss the effects of microbiota on anti-cancer immune response and anti- angiogenesis therapy, and the potential value of these interactions in promoting further research in this field.
Highlights
The increasing significance of tumor angiogenesis and tumor immune microenvironment in cancer pathogenesis [1] has resulted in the development of anti-angiogenesis therapy and immunotherapy
It is increasingly evident that the regulation of intestinal microbiota may represent a novel and important auxiliary means of current anti-cancer treatment
The infinite potential of microbial regulation can be harnessed as adjuvant cancer immunotherapy
Summary
The increasing significance of tumor angiogenesis and tumor immune microenvironment in cancer pathogenesis [1] has resulted in the development of anti-angiogenesis therapy and immunotherapy. The anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy alone can only bring survival benefits to a small number of patients with glioblastoma [8] with no improvement in the prognosis as reported by a randomized phase III trial [9] Both anti-VEGF therapy and immunotherapy are ineffective in highly pro-fibroproliferative tumors, such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [10], breast cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma, indicating the tumor specificity of the combination therapy [11]. A breakthrough in cancer research occurred in 2017 when researchers and clinicians reported an intricate link between cancer and commensal bacterial species [21] These findings were confirmed by studies on sterile animals showing that microbial flora in various organs, including skin [22] colon [23], liver [24], breast, and gastrointestinal tract [25], can promote both hereditary and carcinogenic cancers. Excessive use of tetracycline and sulfonamides has been reported as a risk factor for breast cancer
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