Abstract
Acetaminophen (ACE) is a widely used medicine. Currently, concerns regarding its potential adverse effects on the environments are raised. The aim of this study was to evaluate ACE biodegradation in mangrove sediments under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Three ACE biodegradation strategies in mangrove sediments were tested. The degradation half-lives (t1/2) of ACE in the sediments with spent mushroom compost under aerobic conditions ranged from 3.24 ± 0.16 to 6.25 ± 0.31 d. The degradation half-lives (t1/2) of ACE in sediments with isolated bacterial strains ranged from 2.54 ± 0.13 to 3.30 ± 0.17 d and from 2.62 ± 0.13 to 3.52 ± 0.17 d under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The degradation half-lives (t1/2) of ACE in sediments amended with NaNO3, Na2SO4 and NaHCO3 under anaerobic conditions ranged from 1.16 ± 0.06 to 3.05 ± 0.15 d, 2.39 ± 0.12 to 3.84 ± 0.19 d and 2.79 ± 0.14 to 10.75 ± 0.53 d, respectively. The addition of the three electron acceptors enhanced ACE degradation in mangrove sediments, where NaNO3 yielded the best effects. Sixteen microbial genera were identified as the major members of microbial communities associated in anaerobic ACE degradation in mangrove sediments with addition of NaNO3 and Na2SO4. Three (Arthrobacter, Enterobacter and Bacillus) of the sixteen microbial genera were identified in the isolated ACE-degrading bacterial strains.
Highlights
Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol; ACE) is a widely used representative medicine
We first found that the remaining percentage of ACE observed after 24 d in the Guandu and Bali non-ACE-adapted sediments without the addition of MC was 65.1% ± 4.1% and 80.8% ± 3.4%, respectively
The observed ACE half-lives (d) were 2.54 and 3.30 d in the Guandu and Bali sediments with the additions of bacterial strain SC, while values of 2.62 and 3.52 d were obtained in the Guandu and Bali sediments with the addition of bacterial strain E. These results indicated that ACE degradation in the Guandu and Bali sediments was enhanced by the addition of bacterial strains SC and E under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively
Summary
Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol; ACE) is a widely used representative medicine. The reported concentrations of ACE range from 0.003 to 30 mg L−1 in stream water, sewage treatment plant influents and effluents [2,3,4]. The frequent detection of ACE in aquatic environments has raised concerns regarding its potential deleterious effects on the environments [5,6,7,8]. Mangrove ecosystems along the coastlines of tropical and subtropical regions are important intertidal estuary wetlands that considered to be significant sinks of pollutants from contaminated tidal water and discharges from freshwater [9]. The concentrations and degradation of nonylphenol, sulfonamides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mangrove sediments have been reported [10,11,12,13]
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