Abstract
The capabilities and the limitations of large-scale miniaturization of potentiometric sensors, amperometric/voltammetric sensors, electrode arrays, and reference devices are discussed on a theoretical basis. The treatment summarizes results for the response characteristics, such as steady-state response, response time, detection limit, detected volume, life time, electrode resistance, and kinetic effects. The limit of miniaturization of electrode tips is found at tip diameters of around 0.1 μm for reliable potentiometric or amperometric measurements.
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