Abstract
The high demand for plastic and polymeric materials which keeps rising every year makes them important industries, for which sustainability is a crucial aspect to be taken into account. Therefore, it becomes a requirement to makes it a clean and eco-friendly industry. Cellulose creates an excellent opportunity to minimize the effect of non-degradable materials by using it as a filler for either a synthesis matrix or a natural starch matrix. It is the primary substance in the walls of plant cells, helping plants to remain stiff and upright, and can be found in plant sources, agriculture waste, animals, and bacterial pellicle. In this review, we discussed the recent research development and studies in the field of biocomposites that focused on the techniques of extracting micro- and nanocellulose, treatment and modification of cellulose, classification, and applications of cellulose. In addition, this review paper looked inward on how the reinforcement of micro- and nanocellulose can yield a material with improved performance. This article featured the performances, limitations, and possible areas of improvement to fit into the broader range of engineering applications.
Highlights
Petroleum-based synthesis polymers are non-degradable, with production, recycling, and disposal releasing toxic emissions into the environment [1]
Cellulose can be classified into two types based on size, microcellulose and nanocellulose, while nanocellulose can be classified in three types: (1) nano- or microfibrillated cellulose (NFC)/(MFC), (2) nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), and (3) bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) [36,37]
The composite of polypropylene (PP)/microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) revealed an insignificant decrease in the tensile strength; this problem can be solved by using coupling agents, such as aminopropyltriethoxysilane and maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP)
Summary
Petroleum-based synthesis polymers are non-degradable, with production, recycling, and disposal releasing toxic emissions into the environment [1]. Cellulose is the main substance of a plant’s cell walls, helping plants to remain stiff and upright, it can be extracted from plant sources, agriculture waste, animals, and bacterial pellicle [2,3] It is composed of polymer chains consisting of unbranched β (1,4) linked D glucopyranosyl units (anhydroglucose unit, AGU) [4,5]. The current collector in the battery used the conventional aluminum foil From this point of view, cellulose paper-CNTs-based electrodes showed ~17% improvement in areal capacity compared to commercial aluminum-based electrodes. We focused on the techniques of extracting micro- and nanocellulose, treatment and modification of cellulose, classification, and applications of cellulose. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the recent state of development in the field of micro and nanocellulose, explain the process of extracting and modifying different types of cellulose, and highlight the properties improvement of cellulose through examples
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