Abstract
Soy glycinin (11S) is involved in immune regulation. As an additive, sodium butyrate (SB) can relieve inflammation caused by 11S. To further delve into the mechanisms. A diet containing 50% fishmeal was the control group (FM group), and the experimental groups consisted of the FM group baseline plus 2% glycinin (GL group), 8% glycinin (GH group), and 8% glycinin + 0.13% sodium butyrate (GH-SB group). The specific growth ratio (SGR), feed utilization, and density of distal intestinal (DI) type II mucous cells were increased in the GL group. In the serum, IFN-γ was significantly upregulated in the GL group, and IgG and IL-1β were upregulated in the GH group. IgG, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the GH-SB group were significantly downregulated compared to those in the GH group. The mRNA levels of mTOR C1, mTOR C2, and Deptor were upregulated in the GL, GH, and GH-SB groups in the DI compared with those in the FM group, while the mRNA levels of mTOR C1 and Deptor in the GH group were higher than those in the GL and GH-SB groups. 4E-BP1, RICTOR, PRR5, MHC II, and CD4 were upregulated in the GH group. TSC1, mLST8, and NFY mRNA levels in the GL and GH-SB groups were upregulated compared with those in the FM and GH groups. Western blotting showed P-PI3KSer294/T-PI3K, P-AktSer473/T-Akt, and P-mTORSer2448/T-mTOR were upregulated in the GH group. Collectively, our results demonstrate that low-dose 11S could improve serum immune by secreting IFN-γ. The overexpression of IgG and IL-1β is the reason that high-dose 11S reduces serum immune function, and supplementing SB can suppress this overexpression. Low-dose 11S can block the relationship between PI3K and mTOR C2. It can also inhibit the expression of 4E-BP1 through mTOR C1. High-dose 11S upregulates 4E-BP2 through mTOR C1, aggravating intestinal inflammation. SB could relieve inflammation by blocking PI3K/mTOR C2 and inhibiting 4E-BP2. Generally speaking, the hybrid grouper obtained different serum and DI immune responses under different doses of 11S, and these responses were ultimately manifested in growth performance. SB can effectively enhance serum immunity and relieve intestinal inflammation caused by high dose 11S.
Highlights
Hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E. lanceolatus♂) is a type of broad salt tolerant fish in warm coastal waters
The hybrid grouper obtained different serum and distal intestinal (DI) immune responses under different doses of 11S, and these responses were manifested in growth performance
In the GH-sodium butyrate (SB) group, we found that plica height, muscle thickness, and Id/Ph were all significantly improved compared with the GH group, indicating that SB can effectively alleviate the inhibition of development caused by highdose 11S in the distal intestine of the hybrid grouper
Summary
Hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E. lanceolatus♂) is a type of broad salt tolerant fish in warm coastal waters. It is widely cultivated in southern China. The addition of a large amount of fish meal to the feed during the breeding period is the main cause of high phosphorus and nitrogen pollution in aquaculture water. The use of plant-based protein to replace some of the fish meal in fish feed can reduce the feed’s crude protein and phosphorus content, thereby reducing nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the breeding water. A common source of plant protein, is widely available at low prices It contains a large amount of anti-nutritional factors such as glycinin and b-conglycinin, which cause groupers to have a very low tolerance for it
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