Abstract
Ultrastructural studies of bone and cartilage using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) present unique challenges for technical preparation and scientific interpretation. Preparative methods have been described elsewhere; space limitations do not allow us to cite all authors who have contributed to this field. Chemical fixation and specimen preparation for TEM for bone studies have been reviewed by several authors.3,14,15,23 Reviews of preparation methods for SEM have been published by Boyde et al.7,9,10 Specialized techniques directed toward preserving the bone-cell-implant interface are discussed elsewhere in this volume.
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