Abstract
This study was actualized for the simultaneous determination of possible thirty VOCs presented in drinking waters in Turkey by direct injection to purge and trap (PT) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It consists of selectivity, linearity, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy (recovery), precision, trueness, and measurement uncertainty studies. In linearity, the values of correlation coefficients (r2) for the matrix-matched calibration curves were higher than 0.998 for all analytes. This method showed high sensitivity (LOD: 0.011–0.040 μg/L; LOQ: 0.035–0.133 μg/L), quite sufficient recovery (82.6% to 103.1%) for accuracy, and acceptable precision (intra-day recovery: 81.5–104.4%, relative standard deviation (RSD): 1.04–9.81%; inter-day recovery: 92.6–104.1%, RSD: 1.15–7.52%). All the recovery and RSD values obtained below 10% are evaluated agreeable in point of the AOAC and EURACHEM/CITAC validation guidelines. The recovery percentages of all analytes in CRM changed between 80.3 and 109.9% and the RSD (%) values for each analyte obtained below 10%. The proficiency test results were satisfactory and comparable (z score less than or equal to 2.0 is no questionable or satisfactory) to those obtained by other laboratories participating in the round. The calculated percentage of relative uncertainties for each analyte changed from 2.99 to 10.10% and the major contribution to uncertainty budget arises from the calibration curve and repeatability. Therefore, the results demonstrate that this method is applicable for the determination of possible thirty VOCs in drinking waters in routine analysis for custom laboratories.
Highlights
Global warming caused by the increase in greenhouse gas emissions and increasing urbanization and industrialization activities has adverse effects on water and water resources such as drought
Method optimization study Optimization of purge and trap (PT) condition PT is a sample pre-treatment system that allows the collection of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the sample with high precision and efficiency
In PT system, VOCs found in water are transported by boiling efficiently to the vapor phase and they are passed through an absorbent trap with the aid of the purge gas such as helium
Summary
Global warming caused by the increase in greenhouse gas emissions and increasing urbanization and industrialization activities has adverse effects on water and water resources such as drought. Methylbenzene (toluene), dichlorobenzenes, trichlorobenzenes, dimethyl benzenes (xylenes), tetrachloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and trichloroethene are persistent organic substances for the environment and human life (Tombs 2000; Jurdakova et al 2008; Bhattacharya et al 2016; Mirzaei et al 2016) They are composed of carbon chains and possess high vapor pressure at room temperature (Kountouriotis et al 2014). The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has stated in pursuant of D3960 test method that VOCs have higher vapor pressure than 0.1 mmHg (Table 1) at 25 °C (ASTM 1989) Their boiling points change between 40 and 260 °C (Güzel et al 2018). They need to analyze their species and amounts, especially in water in order to reduce the toxic effects of human life
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