Method of deodorization and disinfection of chicken manure for its use in the production of organo-mineral fertilizers

Complaints on unpleasant odor occurring near pig-breeding complexes and frequently, at a considerable distance from them, are one of the key factors that are limiting the development of pig-breeding industry. Unpleasant odor takes place as a result of anaerobic decomposition of the manure and also due to liquid slurry at the pig-breeding facility. Despite the fact, that the effect of unpleasant odor on human health is under-investigated, the people suffer natural aversion to the smell of manure. The smell of swine manure can be an unpleasant factor affecting the quality of the life of people living in the cities close to the pig-breeding complexes and also have an effect on the price of the real estate located within this area. Tightening of standards regulating the level of odor can also be a limiting factor for this branch of industry. Detailed research aimed at the selection of the optional composition of chemical reagents for deodoration and disinfection of liquid slurry waste at a pig breeding complex is presented. It has been determined, that the effect of disinfection and suppression of unpleasant odor for a long time is provided by the composition of ammonium persulphate, peracetic acid and formalin, the composition that contains sulphuric acid, sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide and finally, the composition that contains sodium nitrite and ammonium molybdate. It was showed that the abovementioned mixtures are effective in relation to the samples of manure in laboratory (the volume of manure taken for the experiment was 200-400 ml), as well as semi-industrial conditions (the volume of manure – 80 liters). The manure mixtures obtained as a result of such treatment are environmentally friendly and can be used for the production of organo-mineral fertilizers.

The transfer of livestock farming to an industrial basis and the construction of large pig and poultry complexes lead to a significant concentration of manure at such enterprises. A technology has been developed for deep processing of pig manure and chicken manure for their subsequent use as an organic component of complex organomineral fertilizers. One of the key stages of the proposed technology is the treatment of manure with chemical reagents, allowing to achieve the effect of its deodorization and disinfection. The developed technology makes it possible to obtain granulated organomineral fertilizers based on treated manure masses.

Background: The research on optimal composition of chemical reagents for deodorization and disinfection of liquid manure slurry of pig breeding complex facility was performed. Results: It was established, that all three compositions (sulfuric acid combined with sodium hypochlorite, ammonium persulphate in combination with peracetic acid, and also the mixture of sodium nitrite and ammonium molybdate) provide the removal of unpleasant odors, however, more preferable from the point of preservation of disinfecting effect, are the mixtures containing ammonium persulphate plus peracetic acid and sodium nitrite combined with ammonium molybdate (high deodorizing and disinfecting effect was observed after 21 days). Conclusion: Manure mixtures obtained as a result of such treatment are harmless for the environment and could be used as a main component of organo-mineral fertilizers.

Inhibition of regrowth of planktonic and biofilm bacteria after peracetic acid disinfection

Comparative analysis of peracetic acid (PAA) and permaleic acid (PMA) in disinfection processes

The Tyumen Region holds extensive resources of peat, which should be considered as a raw material for the production of organic and organomineral fertilizers. The purpose of this research is the development of a waste-free technology for the production of organomineral fertilizers based on humic substances of lowland peat. The tests of three grades of organomineral fertilizer were carried out in accordance with the State Test Methodology, and soil properties were determined in accordance with the relevant state standards (GOSTs). The humic acid extraction method developed at the General Chemistry Department of the Northern Trans-Ural State Agricultural University produces two types of waste in a large volume: a liquid sediment mixture after separation of humic substances from peat and a supernatant solution after precipitation of humic acids. At present, a non-waste method for obtaining organic-mineral fertilizers from lowland peat has been patented. From a liquid sedimentary mixture of peat and humic substances, a peat–humic fertilizer is prepared for application to the soil. This fertilizer increases crop productivity and humus content, and reduces soil acidity. From the supernatant solution with fulvic acids, a huminomineral fertilizer is prepared for foliar feeding of plants. After centrifugation, a humic product is prepared from the gel of precipitated humic acids for pre-sowing, foliar and root feeding of plants. The products were tested on spring wheat, spring rapeseed, onion and apple trees. All products increased the yield and quality of products. The profitability of the production of three grades of organomineral (one product of each stage of production) fertilizer in comparison with the production technology of only one biostimulant is increased by 2.3 times. Currently, the procedure for their state registration is underway.

Listeria monocytogenes continues to be a problem in ready-to-eat foods. Tolerance and adaptation to biocides have been proposed to contribute to the persistence of L. monocytogenes in the food processing industry. This study aimed to determine if the sensitivity to common biocides varies among 240 L. monocytogenes isolates. The impact of residual organic matter (soils), biofilm, and ability to adapt to biocides was also evaluated. Food and food processing related isolates of L. monocytogenes (n = 240) were whole genome sequenced and assigned to sequence types (n = 53) and clonal complexes (n = 32). Isolates were screened for genetic elements associated with biocide tolerance and tested for their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to benzalkonium chloride (BC), peracetic acid (PAA), sodium hypochlorite (SH) and ethanol (ET). Biocide tolerance under soiled conditions, in biofilm and in a broth suspension test (BST) was further tested for 19 representative isolates. Adaptation to sub-MICs of BC, PAA or SH (18 days, 15 °C) was tested for 15 isolates. MIC for PAA (62 mg/L) showed no variation, while for SH (47–94 mg/L) and ET (4.7–9.4% v/v) values differed 2 × among isolates. For BC, an 8 × difference (0.3–2.5 mg/L) was observed. Eighty-seven of 88 BC tolerant isolates (MIC of 2.5 mg/L) harbored known BC tolerance genes. Soiled conditions increased MIC-values 8–33 × for BC and 8 × for SH but not for PAA and ET. Biofilm increased minimum bactericidal concentrations 4–8 × for BC but not for PAA and SH. Survival of isolates with BC tolerance genes was not significantly (p > 0.05) improved in BSTs with PAA, SH or BC. Lineage I isolates (n = 7 of 19) showed significantly (p < 0.05) better survival than lineage II isolates (n = 12) when exposed to PAA (100 mg/L) in BSTs. Adaptation to BC (8 × MIC increase) occurred exclusively for originally sensitive isolates, while no adaptation to SH and PAA were observed. In conclusion, L. monocytogenes isolates showed limited variation in sensitivity to biocides in MIC assays. However, lineage I isolates were less sensitive to PAA than lineage II isolates in BSTs. The efficacy of SH and BC were affected by residual organic matter and/or biofilm, demonstrating the need for proper cleaning prior to biocide use with PAA being less perturbed.

BackgroundPurified water for pharmaceutical purposes must be free of microbial contamination and pyrogens. Even with the additional sanitary and disinfecting treatments applied to the system (sequential operational stages), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas picketti, Flavobacterium aureum, Acinetobacter lowffi and Pseudomonas diminuta were isolated and identified from a thirteen-stage purification system. To evaluate the efficacy of the chemical agents used in the disinfecting process along with those used to adjust chemical characteristics of the system, over the identified bacteria, the kinetic parameter of killing time (D-value) necessary to inactivate 90% of the initial bioburden (decimal reduction time) was experimentally determined.MethodsPseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas picketti, Flavobacterium aureum, Acinetobacter lowffi and Pseudomonas diminuta were called in house (wild) bacteria. Pseudomonas diminuta ATCC 11568, Pseudomonas alcaligenes INCQS , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 3178, Pseudomonas picketti ATCC 5031, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 937 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were used as 'standard' bacteria to evaluate resistance at 25°C against either 0.5% citric acid, 0.5% hydrochloric acid, 70% ethanol, 0.5% sodium bisulfite, 0.4% sodium hydroxide, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, or a mixture of 2.2% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 0.45% peracetic acid.ResultsThe efficacy of the sanitizers varied with concentration and contact time to reduce decimal logarithmic (log10) population (n cycles). To kill 90% of the initial population (or one log10 cycle), the necessary time (D-value) was for P. aeruginosa into: (i) 0.5% citric acid, D = 3.8 min; (ii) 0.5% hydrochloric acid, D = 6.9 min; (iii) 70% ethanol, D = 9.7 min; (iv) 0.5% sodium bisulfite, D = 5.3 min; (v) 0.4% sodium hydroxide, D = 14.2 min; (vi) 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, D = 7.9 min; (vii) mixture of hydrogen peroxide (2.2%) plus peracetic acid (0.45%), D = 5.5 min.ConclusionThe contact time of 180 min of the system with the mixture of H2O2+ peracetic acid, a total theoretical reduction of 6 log10 cycles was attained in the water purified storage tank and distribution loop. The contact time between the water purification system (WPS) and the sanitary agents should be reviewed to reach sufficient bioburden reduction (over 6 log10).

There is an urgent need to develop efficient and environmentally friendly decontaminants for poultry products. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the practical application of peroxyacetic acid (PAA) as a replacement for sodium hypochlorite (SH) to sterilize fresh chicken carcasses, using microbial, color, and electronic-nose analyses. We evaluated the decontamination effects of different concentrations of PAA and SH on chicken carcasses. The bactericidal effects of PAA at pH 3, 7, and 9, and SH at pH 10, at concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 ppm on coliform bacteria, total bacteria, and Salmonella spp. were evaluated. PAA induced a similar bactericidal effect at lower concentrations than SH. Therefore, at the same concentration and treatment time, PAA showed better bactericidal effects than SH. Although treatment with PAA (pH 3) and SH (pH 10) resulted in considerable discoloration, the degree of discoloration decreased when the pH of PAA was increased to 7 and 9. Therefore, by increasing the pH of PAA, the discoloration effect on chicken carcasses can be reduced without altering the microbial-reduction effect. Electronic-nose analysis showed that the flavor of the chicken was almost unaffected by volatile components at a treatment time < 30 min. Therefore, this study experimentally identified the optimal PAA concentration for the decontamination of chicken carcasses. The study findings provide a theoretical basis for the replacement of traditional bactericides, such as SH, with PAA for the production of poultry products.

The article discusses the soil-improving properties of an environmentally friendly organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF) obtained on a scientific basis at the Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan. The main goal of the study is to obtain an environmentally friendly OMF from chicken manure, which accumulates in large quantities on poultry farms and pollutes the environment, as well as to study the effect of the resulting fertilizer on the humus composition of the soil. Broiler chicken manure, microbiological preparation Nourivit Plus and phosphorite ores from the deposit of the Magdanly-Kugitan region of the Durnaly site were used as raw materials and their chemical compositions were determined (humidity, ash content, total organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and pH environment). The composition of bird droppings was found to contain a sufficient amount of organic substances and such important nutrients as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Under laboratory conditions, a scientific method for obtaining an environmentally friendly OMF was studied. Chicken manure used as raw material was neutralized from weed seeds and helminth eggs. Processing on the basis of waste-free technology of waste generated in poultry farms, an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, soil-improving OMF was obtained. The soil-strengthening properties of the obtained OMFs were studied at the Turkmen Agricultural University named after SA Niyazov on 3 plots of agricultural land measuring 1 x 6 meters. Samples were taken for analysis from each of the 3 soils before and after the application of OMF. An agrochemical analysis of the soil and a quantitative analysis of substances soluble in it were carried out. As a result, the elemental and humus composition of soil samples was determined before and after fertilization, and as a result it was proved that it is possible to increase the amount of humus in the soil from 0.12% to 2.17%.

The growing number of Listeria monocytogenes strains displaying increased tolerance to sanitizers widely applied in the food industry is becoming a problem. The aims of this study were to evaluate the susceptibility of L. monocytogenes isolates from food and food industry environments to sanitizers (benzalkonium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, and chlorhexidine) and heavy metals (cadmium chloride), as well as to investigate the presence of the main genes related to efflux pumps. All 82 isolates showed reduced susceptibility to benzalkonium chloride (MIC from 16 to 128 µg mL-1), sodium hypochlorite (MIC of ≥ 2048 µg mL-1), and peracetic acid (MIC from 512 to ≥ 2048 µg mL-1), while 22 isolates showed reduced susceptibility to cadmium chloride (MIC > 70 µg mL-1). Susceptibility to chlorhexidine was found (MIC from 2 to 16 µg mL-1). PCR-based analysis revealed that mdrl and lde genes were harbored by 14.6% (12/82) and 40.2% (33/82) of the isolates, respectively. This study demonstrates the presence of L. monocytogenes from food and food industry environments with reduced susceptibility to sanitizers commonly used in food processing environments, highlighting the importance of continuous monitoring of the tolerance profile of this microorganism to sanitizers, as well as the need for strict control of sanitation conditions in food industries.

The accumulation of excess manure and the energy costs of the buildings housing the animals are the most important problems that chicken farms have to face nowadays. The combustion of chicken manure to obtain thermal energy for animal holdings has been demonstrated through the research project AVIENERGY, in Spain. To ensure the circularity of the process, the combustion by-product, bottom ash, needs to be recycled and used. This work studies the agricultural use of ash from chicken manure combustion as a fertiliser product and determines its capacity for mineral fertiliser substitution. Ashes from co-combustion of chicken (broiler) manure with wood at different proportions were chemically analysed to determine their nutrient concentrations and availabilities. Then, one ash sample was used as a fertiliser for lettuce cultivation in a pot experiment. Different application rates were tested according to the phosphorus (P) content of the ash, being equivalent to 50, 65, 80 and 100% of the standard inorganic P fertilisation. The results indicate that the ash from combustion of chicken manure meets the requirements for inclusion in the fertiliser component material category ‘CMC 13’, and can be used for the preparation of fertiliser ‘PFC 1(C)(I)(a)(ii): Compound Solid Inorganic Macronutrient Fertiliser (multi-nutrients)’, and also possesses characteristics of “PFC 2: Liming Material” according to the EU legislation for fertiliser products. Although plant production was slightly reduced with ash fertilisation, the ashes reached a fertiliser capacity able to substitute 80% of the mineral P fertiliser, with a liming capacity of 30%. Hence, the ash from chicken manure combustion could be applied to soil, especially if acidic, in partial substitution of mineral fertilisers, to supply P.

Enrichment of organic residues with mineral fertilizers is a sustainable route to produce high agronomic value organomineral fertilizers (OMFs). OMFs agronomic value was conditioned by the properties and nutrients pools accessed by chemical analysis. Partial least squares (PLS) regression based on infrared analysis is a fast and alternative technique to assess the properties of OMFs, while replacing laborious, non-environmental-friendly, time-consuming, and high-cost conventional lab analytical procedures. OMFs were produced by composting of mixtures of different proportions of low-grade and soluble P sources with chicken manure and coffee husk for 150 days. After composting, the OMFs were dried and analyzed for: pH in CaCl2, electrical conductivity, total contents of C, P, N, and K, and C soluble in water, as well as for fertilizer-P soluble in water, citric acid, and neutral ammonium citrate. The compost MAP-based OMFs had a greater agronomic value than low-grade rock P-based OMFs. PLS regression models based on the ATR-FTIR spectral signature were a suitable tool to predict all OMFs chemical properties and nutrient pools evaluated through lab conventional analytical procedures. The good performance, robustness, and non-random correlation of PLS regression models were attested by their high coefficient of determination (R2) to calibration (0.92–0.99), cross-validation (0.87–0.99), and prediction capacity (0.89–0.99) combined with the lowest values of the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and reduced values of R2 (0.19–0.44), and to high values of RMSE to y-randomization. PLS based on ATR-FTIR is a rapid and alternative chemometric approach to assess the properties and nutrients pools of OMFs.

In the agricultural production process, the production and environmental costs of chemical fertilizers used to increase yield and quality and the question of how to evaluate the herbal and animal wastes that arise in the agricultural production process are important issues. The main purpose of using herbal and animal wastes that arise in the agricultural production process as an alternative fertilizer to chemical fertilizers is to reduce production costs and to ensure sustainability in agricultural production by reintroducing these wastes to the economy. In this study, the effects of vermicompost, chicken manure, farm manure, and chemical fertilizers on product yield and quality, plant nutrients, and economic profitability in strawberry cultivation were investigated. In the study, strawberries were used as the plant material and vermicompost, chicken manure, farm (cattle) manure, and chemical fertilizers were used as plant nutrition materials. In the study, statistically significant differences were found in the parameters of yield, quality, plant nutrient content in leaves, and economic profitability compared to chemical fertilizers. In terms of product yield and some quality parameters, organic fertilizers (worm manure and chicken manure in yield, total sugar and nitrate accumulation in fruit, chicken manure in vitamin C) gave better positive results than chemical fertilizers. In the macronutrient content of the leaves, chicken manure in terms of nitrogen and phosphorus; vermicompost, chicken manure, and farm manure in terms of potassium; and vermicompost and chicken manure in terms of calcium all gave better results than chemical fertilizers. In the micronutrient content of the leaves, chicken manure in terms of iron, vermicompost in terms of zinc, and chicken manure and farm manure in terms of copper gave better results than chemical fertilizers. In terms of economic profitability, while more profit was obtained from vermicompost, chicken manure and farm manure applications compared to chemical fertilizer applications, the highest profitability was obtained from vermicompost application. The findings of this study support the idea that vermicompost, chicken manure, and farm manure can be recommended as an alternative plant nutrition input to chemical fertilizers in strawberry cultivation.

SARS-CoV-2 is primarily a respiratory virus that can potentially be transmitted through fomites. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peracetic acid (PAA) are widely used disinfectants on surfaces in diverse settings such as hospitals and food production facilities. The objectives of this study were to investigate the virucidal efficacy of NaOCl and PAA against SARS-CoV-2 using the ASTM standard methods. In the suspension assay, NaOCl and PAA (5, 50, and 200 ppm) were tested against SARS-CoV-2 in the presence/absence of soil load after 1 min of contact time. In the carrier assay, NaOCl and PAA were tested at 200, 400, 600, and 1,000 ppm for 1 min and 200 and 1,000 ppm for 5 and 10 min. Stainless steel (SS) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) disks were used as carriers. The virus was suspended in soil load and the disinfectants were prepared in 300 ppm of hard water. Virus quantification was done by TCID50 assay using Vero-E6 cell line. NaOCl and PAA were effective (> 3 log reduction in infectious virus) at 50 ppm in the absence of soil load. However, in the presence of soil load, 200 ppm was required for > 3 log reduction in virus infectivity. In contrast, NaOCl and PAA at 200 ppm and with a 1-min contact time were not effective against SARS-CoV-2 on either SS or HDPE surfaces. PAA at 200 ppm for 10 min was effective against SARS-CoV-2 on SS and HDPE surfaces, whereas NaOCl required 1,000 ppm for 10 min to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 on both surfaces. IMPORTANCE In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the use of chlorine-based products such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 1,000 ppm for a minimum of 1 min to disinfect environmental surfaces. However, this recommendation was not based on validated studies on the actual SARS-CoV-2 itself. In fact, over half of the chemical disinfectants, including many peracetic acid products, listed in EPA List N were approved based on "kills a harder-to-kill pathogen" without further validation on SARS-CoV-2. Research on SARS-CoV-2 is restricted to BSL3 laboratories and the urgency of tackling the pandemic might explain the lack of studies on the actual virus. Our results show that the WHO recommendation of 1 min contact time with 1,000 ppm NaOCl is not effective against SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces. Also, our results indicate that PAA is effective against SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces and can be used as safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to NaOCl at a lower concentration.