Method and TheoryThe Colonisation of Pharaonic Egypt: the Modernisation of Order in Pharaonic Egyptian Administration

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This study aims to seek the factors that cause absentee/guntai land ownership in Buru District and the role of the Buru District Land Office in overcoming or resolving the problem of absentee/guntai lands. The types and sources of data used by the author in assisting the research to be carried out are primary data and secondary data. To collect field research data the author uses the following methods: Interviews, namely data collection carried out in the form of questions and answers directly to the relevant respondents. The results of the study show that the prohibition of absentee/guntai land ownership in Buru District has not been implemented effectively. This is evidenced by the existence of absentee/guntai land ownership in Waeapo District and Lolong Guba District. The phenomenon of absentee/guntai land prohibition has actually occurred, but no strict sanctions have been imposed.

This research aims to find out how giving Ujrah to land owners improves the welfare of casual daily workers in Lubuk Tabun Village, Tanjung Sakti Pumi District. Lahat. This type of research uses qualitative descriptive research with data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews and documentation. The primary data in this research are land owners and casual daily workers. The research results state that land owner literacy regarding the ujrah granting system is still very low due to: firstly, lack of understanding, land owners do not yet understand what ujrah is and how it works financially. Second, there is a lack of financial education, there is no adequate education regarding finances and debt management. Third, limited access to accurate and easy to understand information regarding ujrah by land owners, fourth, limited resources, land owners do not have the resources to obtain consultation or training. The welfare level of casual daily workers in Lubuk Tabun Village is relatively low, which is shown by the fact that many of them are still in a cycle of debt that is difficult to break. This happens because the income earned from working as a casual daily laborer is not sufficient to meet daily living needs

This research is motivated by the existence of cooperation between land owners and rice cultivators in Tano Tombangan District, Angkola South Tapanuli, namely a land owner gives his fields to be managed to rice cultivators on the basis of trust and mutual agreement, on a voluntary basis, without any suggestion of coercion. The main problem in this study is how the implementation of the Mukhabarah contract in the Panindoan Tano Village of Tombangan Angkola and how the Compilation Review of Sharia Economic Law regarding the implementation of the Mukhabarah contract in the Panindoan Tano Village of Tombangan Angkola. This type of research uses the field research method (field research) and is sourced from primary data and secondary data. The data collection technique used in this research is interviews. The results showed that the implementation of the Mukhabarah contract in managing rice fields with a cultivator agreement would provide yields to the land owner after calculating the total amount of harvest obtained. However, it is not in reality that the cultivators tell how much they have harvested, but only submit the harvest that is part of the land owner. Thus, it means that there is a broken promise from the cultivator to the land owner against the agreement in the contract made between the cultivator and the land owner, so the land owner feels disadvantaged. The review of Sharia Economic Law on the implementation of the Mukhabarah contract in Panindoan Tano Village, Tombangan Angkola, is not in accordance with the compilation of Sharia Economic Law as stated in Article 260 which does not explain the estimated yield of the crop to the land owner as a whole.

Land has an important and strategic role for human life. Land is interpreted as a source of life for humans because this is where humans live, continue their descendants, and carry out various activities on the ground so that humans are always in contact with the ground. Given the importance of land for human life and considering that land prices are always increasing, humans always try their best to own and control land in order to meet their needs and improve their welfare. So that the land owned by someone is not taken or taken by another person, proof of ownership of the right to the land is needed, which is called the right of ownership. The method of obtaining land ownership rights can occur due to the transfer of land rights, due to legal actions and by means of transfer of land rights due to legal events. For the transfer of land rights, an authorized official is needed to manage the transfer of rights. The official in question is the Land Deed Making Officer (PPAT). Based on this, the researcher will conduct research on the Role of Land Deed Making Officials (PPAT) in the Registration of Land Ownership Rights. To find out, in this research, the author uses an empirical juridical legal research type. This legal research will see how the implementation of Government Regulation Number 24 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Government Regulation Number 37 of 1998 concerning the Regulation of the Position of Land Deed Officials in carrying out their positions for registration of changes in land ownership rights. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained by conducting semi-structured interviews with PPAT. Secondary data is needed to add insight to the researcher and as a basis for conducting this research. The data that has been collected will be analyzed qualitatively so that it can describe the role of PPAT in the registration of property rights on land. The role of the Land Deed Maker Official (PPAT) in registering changes in land ownership rights is to make an authentic deed in the form of a sale and purchase deed, if the transfer of land rights occurs due to legal actions such as buying and selling and then taking care of the registration procedure with the Land Agency. As for the transfer of land rights due to legal events, the PPAT only plays a role in taking care of the registration procedure with the Land Agency.

This study aims to 1) Analyze the effect of individually of the sale value of the tax object, land ownership area, and land market price on the value of land compensation in land acquisition development Manado outer Ring Road III (MORR III). 2) Analyze the effect jointly between the sale value of tax objects, land ownership area, and land market price on the value of land compensation in the procurement of land for the construction of MORR III. This research was conducted at the construction site (MORR III) from February to October 2019. This research used quantitative descriptive methods. The data collected was primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained directly through interviews with key informants namely the Land Procurement Committee for Implementation of MORR III. Secondary data were obtained from the North Sulawesi Land Agency and the Central Statistics Agency. Secondary data is related to Tax Object Selling Value (NJOP) data, Land Ownership Area, Respondents' Livelihoods and Land Compensation Value for the construction of MORR III. The sample selection was done purposevely with a sample of 60 recipients of land compensation. Data Analysis Techniques use 1) Regression Analysis, and 2) Multiple Regression Analysis. The results showed that (1) the Sales Value of Tax Objects or values that showed the average price obtained from a sale and purchase transaction that occurred naturally was positively correlated and significantly affected the value of land compensation determined by the appraisal. Each increased in the Tax Object Sales Value of Rp. 1,000 per m2 will increase the price of compensation by Rp. 540 per m2. The variable area of land ownership owned by the community receiving land compensation in the construction of MORR III has no significant effect on the value of land compensation. An increase in the area of land ownership owned by the people affected by land acquisition for the construction of MORR III only increased the value of land compensation obtained by Rp. 5,840 per m2. Land market price variables or prices that indicated the market value of land were positively correlated and have a significant effect on the value of land compensation determined by the appraisal. Land market price increased of Rp. 1000 per m2 increased the price of land compensation by Rp.1,137 per m2. (2) Variable sale value of tax object, area of land ownership, and land market price indicated 64.0% representation of variables that affected the value of land compensation and jointly have a positive effect on the value of land compensation received by the community land acquisition affected in the construction of MORR III. *eprm*

The lease agreement is generally a consensual agreement, meaning that it is binding on the second the agreement is reached and the respective parties are bound in it. The Civil Code does not explicitly determine the form of a rental agreement made, whether written or oral. The parties are given the freedom to determine the contents of the agreement, its implementation and terms. In practice, lease agreements for buildings or land are made in written form and the contents of the agreement have been formulated by the parties or just one of the parties, either in the form of an authentic deed or a deed under hand. Lease agreement made between PT. Profesional Telekomunikasi Indonesian with land owners is an agreement in which there are certain conditions, one of which is the automatic renewal clause of the lease term, however, this clause often creates disputes between the parties in its implementation. The problems discussed in this thesis are: 1). Is the inclusion of clauses for automatic renewal land lease agreements for telecommunication towers owned by PT. Profesional Telekomunikasi Indonesian are allowed under the engagement law? 2). What is the settlement if the land owner does not accept the automatic renewal land lease agreement for the telecommunication tower owned by PT. Profesional Telekomunikasi Indonesian? This research is descriptive in nature. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Sources of data in this study are library research and field research. Data were collected through interviews and document study. The data obtained were processed through editing and coding, then analyzed using qualitative analysis. Furthermore, the data is presented descriptively. Based on the research results, the authors concluded: 1). Inclusion of clauses for automatic renewal land lease agreements for telecommunication towers owned by PT. Profesional Telekomunikasi Indonesian have complied with the legal provisions of the agreement, and have fulfilled the legal requirements of the agreement even though in its implementation it still creates conflicts with land owners because it does not provide a sense of justice for land owners. 2) The settlement if the land owner does not accept the automatic renewal land lease agreement for the telecommunication tower owned by PT. Profesional Telekomunikasi Indonesian can be carried out by means of deliberation if the conflict remains unresolved, then the attempt for an arbitration lawsuit will be the final way to resolve it.

Jambur village is one of the villages that has saw land or land which is usually used as raw material for red bricks. The practice of the syirkah contract that occurs is that the land owner and the brick maker collaborate with a contract not in writing but verbally, then the land owner provides capital in the form of his empty land to be occupied as a place for making bricks while the manager manages the land for the bricks making process with land rental cost. Meanwhile, the distribution of sales proceeds is borne by the manager. This research aims to find out the process and views of Islamic law regarding the syirkah contract between land owners and brick managers in Jambur village, District North Panyabungan district Mandailing Natal. This research is field research (field research) with a descriptive qualitative approach using primary and secondary data sources. The author obtained primary data from interviews with land owners, brick managers, religious leaders and people related to this research. The results of the research show that the practice of syirkah contracts for making bricks in Jambur village, land owners receive rent for their vacant land and receive a mandatory percentage of the number of bricks produced. In Islamic law this is not permitted because it contains multiple contracts and is detrimental to the manager.

This article analyzes the tort of dispute over ownership of land rights located on customary land. The purpose of this article is to determine the unlawful acts against the law on disputes over ownership of land rights of indigenous peoples by examining the Decision of the Judge of the Kolaka District Court Number 31/Pdt.G/2021/PN Kka. The research method used is doctrinal or normative legal research. This research is descriptive in nature. The method of collecting legal materials by means of library research or document studies and legal materials used are primary and secondary legal materials. The results of this study discuss the customary law of land tenure in the Tolaki-mekongga indigenous community based on clearing forests, inheriting (Tiari), gifts or gifts of people (Pomboweehinotono), expiration (Puta), legal purchase (Mo'oli). Land tenure without these five methods is illegal because it has violated applicable customary law. Based on the results of research and discussion to answer the problem, it can be concluded that the unlawful act in the Kolaka District Court Decision Number 31/Pdt.G/2021/PN Kka regarding unlawful acts related to ownership of Kolaka customary land is a unlawful act categorized as unlawful acts against decency.

Land Title Certificates are proof of land ownership granted by the Government through the Land Agency to landowners, but in its development there have been Land Title certificates given to someone who is not a land owner (cultivator) based on a Certificate of Land Ownership from the Village. This research was conducted in Marisa Village and Bunto Village, Popayato District, Pohuwato Regency which aims to analyze the legal certainty of the recognition of land ownership certificates by cultivators who bear ownership letters from the village, as well as legal settlements for applications for ownership certificates obtained by cultivators who are not landowners. actually. Research This thesis is a normative-empirical legal research, using statutory, historical, and sociological approaches to examine primary and secondary data. Primary data in this study were obtained through field research by means of interviews, secondary data were obtained through library research, then the data were analyzed qualitatively. The results of the research show that the acquisition of land rights by cultivators as stated in the land ownership certificate from the village does not contain information as to where the cultivators obtained the land from. For dispute resolution, it must be done through the judiciary, because the land has been certified in the name of the cultivator, so an annulment must be requested


 
 
 Kerta Tourism Village is one of tourism village that located in Bali. This tourism village is still in development stage and has some problems. The problems that arise are the problem that can be solved easily to the problems that can hinder the development of tourism village itself. The common problem is that there is no standardization of tourism village so that their development is irregular and the attraction places is in inappropriate areas and can interfere the territory of the village. Base on this condition, the goal of this research is to find out the problem about the territory problematics that exist in developing Kerta Tourism Village.
 The research methodology used in this research is qualitative research with qualitative methods. The method are used in-depth interview technique and observation. The technique of determination of informants used is purposive sampling technique. Data sources used are primary and secondary data sources. Primary data in this research is sourced from direct observation to the research location by means of observation and interviews. While secondary data in this research are the dataobtainedfromthedocumentationor studieslibrarytocomplementtheprimarydatafromthelocusoftheresearch.
 The results of this research showed that the exist problems about territory problematics at Kerta Rural Village are about over function of land, ownership, problematics of garbage and about the spatial rules. Therefore, it is necessary to make rules regarding land ownership and land function, make a warning board not to litter and completing the spatial design.
 
 
 
 
 Keyword: Tourism Village, Territory Problematics, Kerta
 
 

Traditional agriculture has a relationship with the culture of the local community that is the norms agreed upon by the ancestors related to the use of natural resources to meet the needs of daily life. This article aims to describe the traditional agricultural process of the Wamena people in Jayapura, Indonesia. The perspective used in analyzing traditional agricultural processes was the perspective of sustainable livelihoods of traditional communities in a development context. This research was done in a descriptive-qualitative manner by using primary and secondary data. The primary data was obtained from in-depth interviews. Meanwhile, the secondary data was obtained from observations and document studies. The results indicate that the traditional agricultural process of the Wamena Tribe in Jayapura was able to maintain the livelihoods of traditional communities based on the principles of sustainable development. This could be seen from several stages, such as access to land resources, land ownership, agrarian social relations, and gender issues in the division of traditional agricultural work of the Wamena people in Jayapura. This shows that the local wisdom in the cultural norms of the Wamena people could be used in environmentally friendly agricultural activities that did not have a conflict with the perspective of sustainable development.

Land degradation due to soil erosion is the critical factor that contributes for a decline in production and productivity. To reverse the situation the concerned government agencies and NGOs are undertaking some measures in some degraded areas of the highlands including the study area. However, the adoption of soil conservation technologies by farmers is hindered by a number of factors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify and examine the socio-economic, institutional and physical factors that determine the adoption of physical soil and water conservation technologies in the study area. To address the objective of the study both primary and secondary data were collected. Three-stage sampling technique was used to draw the sample respondents for the study. The primary data were collected from 77 sample households by using stratified probability sampling method. In line with this, the combination of data collection methods by the help of agricultural extension agents’ interview using questionnaires and focus group discussions were employed. The binary logit model was used to identify the factors affecting the adoption of physical soil and water conservation technologies. In addition, descriptive statistics were also used. The result of logit model indicated that education level of household head, land holding, training, slope, land ownership, extension contact and perception positively and significantly affected the adoption of physical soil and water conservation technologies at conventional probability levels. While, age, distance and fertility affected the adoption of these technologies negatively and significantly. Therefore, any soil and water conservation plans should consider the farmers’ willingness and factors impeding their practices before introducing these technologies; create awareness on the farmers about the overall benefits and challenges of the technologies and follow down-top approach and include farmers in any decision making processes. Keywords: adoption, improved PSWC measures, Determinants , Basoliben District DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/69-02 Publication date: October 31 st 2020

Business and work activities are strongly influenced by the conditions of an area, where people live and live. In rural areas, people generally depend on agriculture and rice fields for their livelihood. As in Mengen Village, Tamanan District, Bondowoso Regency, which is the location of this research, most of the people are engaged in agriculture, because the structure of the area is very suitable for the growth requirements of plants such as rice, vegetables, and the like. One way that is done by the community is by way of cooperation, because there are landowners who have several plots of land but cannot work on them for some reason so that the cultivators are represented by other people. Whereas in the distribution of the results it is divided each time of harvest, but sometimes in determining the distribution of the results there are parties who are disadvantaged, namely the land owner, because if there is a loss the cultivator does not want to know, the harvest is a profit or a loss, so this makes it not in accordance with Islamic economic views, because there is a tendency for one of the parties to be harmed. Therefore this research is to find out how the agricultural profit-sharing system is and whether the profit-sharing system is in accordance with the perspective of Islamic economics. The type of research method used is descriptive qualitative which uses field research methods (primary data) and library research (secondary data). Primary data is data taken from the first source in the field, namely landowners and sharecroppers, while secondary data is obtained from literature studies by reading books and journals related to these problems. Based on the results obtained, the agricultural profit-sharing system in Mengen village is that the land owner provides seeds and costs, while sharecroppers provide the tools and work used to work on the land, then the harvest is divided based on the agreement of both parties at the beginning of the contract, namely 1/5 than 100% or 80:20, and the distribution of the harvest is in accordance with Islamic economic principles.

Land is the most important productive asset in agrarian societies such as Cambodia’s. Throughout Cambodian history, land ownership rights have varied with changes in government. In the period before French colonisation (pre-1863), when all land belonged to the sovereign, people were freely allowed to till unoccupied land and could cultivate as much as they liked. With French colonisation, a property-rights system was introduced in 1884. After Cambodia gained independence from France in 1953, a Western-style land ownership system continued until 1975, when the Khmer Rouge seized power and eliminated all private property rights. Land ownership rights were reintroduced in 1989, following the failure of the Khmer Rouge regime in 1979 and ten years of unsuccessful collectivised production. Within ten years of the reintroduction of private ownership and the redistribution of land, land issues have become one of the most sensitive economic, social, and political issues in Cambodia, demanding urgent solution. In the absence of comprehensive land-related data, this study extensively analyses secondary data and primary data from four large-scale surveys to better understand the magnitude of current land issues. Based on this analysis, it appears that most of Cambodians own at least some land, but only a small proportion of the population has official land titles. Over 70 to 80 percent of the total rural population possesses agricultural land acquired in different ways (government distribution, gifts from relatives/friends, purchase, or clearance of unused land), but only 1 percent has legal title to their land. The average size of agricultural holdings in Cambodia is quite small (only about 1 hectare per family) and distribution is highly unequal. Female-headed households generally have smaller holdings than male-headed households. About 40 to 50 percent of the landless and marginal landholders possess only about 10 to 15 percent of all agricultural land in rural areas. The estimated Gini coefficients of land concentration range from 0.47 to 0.66 for the different surveys that target different population groups. Even though only a very small proportion of the population has official title to their land, people have been actively transferring land (their only productive asset) on the market. Not only has private property changed hands, but also common property, such as forestry and fishery resources (state property), has been actively transferred to private use as concessions or for long-term investment. In the concluding chapter, the study draws some policy implications and proposes some suggestions for the improvement of future studies of land issues. The suggestions include questions to be answered in future research, as well as specific items to include in future survey questionnaires.