Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of meteorological and hydrological conditions impacting grease ice ridges formation along the southern Baltic shore. The analysis is based on personal, multiannual observations, measurements, and photographic documentation, as well as meteorological maps and meteorological and hydrological data collected by the Polish hydrological/meteorological survey (and harbor logs) for 17 cases representing 15 winters spanning 1978/1979–2018/2019. Grease ice ridges were found to form during intense inflow of cold (average −3.9 °C) Arctic and polar-continental air masses from landward directions. These air masses are accompanied by strong winds (average 12.7 m ⋅ s−1) from NE, N and NW directions, strong waves and high sea levels (on average 38.5 cm above mean sea level). Such meteorological and hydrological conditions occur when a high pressure area or a ridge of high pressure extends west or north relative to the southern Baltic, and a low pressure area or a trough of low pressure extends to the south or east from the southern Baltic.
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