Metals in Northern Forest Ecosystems: Role of Vegetation in Sequestration and Cycling, and Implications for Ecological Risk Assessment

Abstract

Mass estimates of phytoaccumulated trace metal contaminants and transfers to soils are necessary to properly evaluate the impact of historic and continued anthropogenic metal deposition to northern forest ecosystems. An investigation of Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn mass balances in plant communities subject to metal contamination from smelter emissions in Canada, found that accumulation of metals differed significantly among plant vegetation compartments (foliage, fine roots, bark, trunk, and branches). Analysis of plant community biological accumulation factors (BAFs), calculated using total soil metal and free soil metal ion (Me2+) found that free soil metal BAFs were more similar among locations than total soil metal BAFs, but that disparity still existed. Fine roots were found to dominate annual vegetation transfer of Cu, Ni, and Pb to soils, relative to foliage; fine root mortality played a smaller role than foliage for Zn plant-soil transfer. Plant-associated metal inputs were found to rival or exceed current estimates of atmospheric metal deposition, suggesting that potential benefits of future reductions in emissions to forests need to be evaluated within the context of phytocycling of metals already present.