Metal Detecting in University Education: Empowering future archaeologists through training

In the article, the author starts from the different approaches between heritage studies on the one hand and disciplinary heritage approaches on the other hand to consider current and future developments in the field of intangible cultural heritage. In the play between critical studies and broader studies, there are risks of regression as well as opportunities for progress. To underpin his analysis, he refers to his experience of development processes in the field of cultural heritage and to some recent research in France on the institutional functioning of UNESCO in the field of intangible cultural heritage. He then focuses on the notions of “retrotopia” (Bauman, 2017) and “prospective” (Godet, 2004), which seem to him to be suitable for triggering a fundamental anthropological reflection on the future of cultural heritage research. At the end, he draws some conclusions about the possibilities of progress – or, conversely, regression – in intangible cultural heritage.

The purpose of the research is to reveal the peculiarities of the digital collections functioning in the field of cultural heritage. Research methodology is based on the application of a systematic approach to the digitization issue’s study of cultural heritage sites and museum practice. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is the issue’s actualization of the functioning of digital collections of cultural heritage in the cultural context, the statement of the digital canon expansion in the field of cultural heritage. Conclusions. It is emphasized that the discrepancy between the scale of digitized content and the real number of non-digitized and unpublished works of culture and art raises important questions about who decides which works will be published, will enter the scientific and educational circulation, will expand the digital canon and will serve as a source of inspiration for the general public. Thus, the range of problems in the development of digital collections and digital content aggregators in the field of cultural heritage becomes evident. Digital publishing platforms should be seen as primary sources that reflect the cultural, political and social issues of the modern era and reveal ontological and epistemic gaps in the perception of cultural, ethnic and social affiliation. The analysis of conceptual and methodological approaches to the development of modern digital technologies in the field of cultural heritage, which defined the digital turn for all modern cultural processes, allows us to understand the basic patterns and trends associated with recording, analysis and transmission of cultural heritage at the present stage. Critical analysis of digital infrastructures enables the cultural study of the digital turn in the field of cultural heritage in order to identify the possibilities and limitations of digital technologies in the analysis, publication and dissemination of textual and visual materials, demonstrating works of culture and art.

Confocal Raman microscopy for in depth analysis in the field of cultural heritage

Cultural heritage policies are no longer the sole monopoly of sovereign states. Therefore, this article investigates the need for a European civil society in the field of cultural heritage according to the analysis of policy documents and published literature. The article finds that European policies in the field of cultural heritage before 1990 were oriented towards the formation of a common European identity. In the 1990s a paradigm shift emerged: cultural heritage now reflects the cultural diversity of the common European heritage or "unity in diversity." Simultaneously, the value of heritage for society and the need to engage civil society in maintaining, promoting, and safeguarding cultural heritage has received more emphasis. This new approach is reflected in the concept of "heritage community," as articulated in the 2005 Faro Convention of the Council of Europe. Moreover, the European Community promulgated its desire to involve civil society more closely into its activities in the field of culture with its 2007 "A European Agenda for Culture" (European Union 2007). Although a European civil society in the field of cultural heritage is still in its infancy, the road to its establishment has been paved.

This paper briefly introduces a couple of projects that represent the work currently in progress care of the ISET Department of Politecnico di Milano (Italy) in the field of Cultural Heritage and Educational Multimedia. The first project started two years ago, and aims to create a virtual environment in education and training; a first phase pilot project is actually running as a support to computer aided design course. The second project, is called Museums Over States and Virtual Culture (MOSAIC) co-funded by the European Commission in the TEN Telecom framework. Both this projects are taking advantage from the combined use of VR and hypermedia.

This article considers some modes of activation and operationalization of the idea of social participation in the field of intangible cultural heritage. It regards the newest proposal of operating participation established by the UNESCO Convention on Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage and the experience of its implementation in Brazil. By analyzing how the issue of participation was developed through dialogue between the international and national levels, the paper also shows how the emergence of categories of social actors such as “communities” and “bearers” has been consolidated within the mentioned intangible cultural policies.

This chapter examines the work of the Council of Europe (CoE) in the field of cultural heritage. At the same time, it examines the notion of a common European heritage, particularly with regard to the CoE Statute. Thus the chapter traces the genesis of this cultural work through the founding of the Council as well as the growing importance of the common cultural heritage. It then explores the systematic aspects of the Council’s efforts in cultural heritage, highlighting the role of the Council of Ministers (CM) in these proceedings, before looking towards outside institutions, particularly UNESCO and the European Union. Next, the chapter provides an overview of the legal basis for securing and enhancing the common cultural heritage. Finally, the CoE’s practices and influences in the field of the common cultural heritage are discussed, along with some brief concluding remarks.

This study focuses on the role of cultural transmission of ethnic minority traditional sports in university education. As a rich and diversified cultural heritage, traditional sports of ethnic minorities carry profound historical and cultural connotations, which are crucial to the maintenance of cultural diversity. However, these traditional cultural elements are facing an increasingly weakening trend, especially under the wave of modernization. As an important cultural transmission platform, university education has great potential to promote the preservation, inheritance and dissemination of traditional culture. Through an in-depth study of traditional ethnic minority sports in university education, this study aims to explore how they can stimulate students’ interest in traditional culture and promote cultural identity, as well as potential ways to pass on and promote these valuable heritages on university campuses. Ultimately, our study aims to provide new perspectives in the field of cultural heritage and to promote cultural heritage in university education in order to ensure that these traditional cultural elements flourish in modern society.

The purpose of the article is to analyze digitization as a global trend of the early 21st century and to develop a cultural model for studying the scope of application of digital transformation practices as a new way to preserve and promote cultural heritage based on the experience of the Baltic States and Ukraine. The study of the impact of digital transformation practices in the field of cultural heritage in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine has demonstrated the need to deepen ties between these countries by establishing a cultural dialogue, exchanging information and experience on the use of technological innovations in the field of cultural heritage, as well as increasing the value and content of joint cultural projects. Methodology. The theoretical basis and methodology of the study is the historical and cultural method, which contributed to the study of the historical dynamics of digitization; typological and comparative methods – for the study and analysis of cultural heritage objects as phenomena and artifacts. A special role is played by the cultural method, which is meaning-forming through the study of interdependent cultural processes – representation, identity, etc. Results. The authors, involving the professional community, which emphasizes the problem of the lack of a general electronic register of cultural heritage sites in Ukraine, as well as the lack of a strategy for digitizing such sites, draw attention to the fact that the situation began to change rapidly in 2022. It has been proved that the experience of Estonia (museum information system MuIS, five-year action plan for the digitization of cultural heritage for 2018-2023), Latvia (project "Digitization of cultural heritage content"), Lithuania (creation of the Council for the Digitization of Lithuanian Cultural Heritage, virtual electronic information system of cultural heritage VEPIS, museum information system LIMIS) will contribute to the strengthening of technological and cultural innovations in the field of protection and promotion of cultural heritage of Ukraine. Digitization is a task that requires significant financial and intellectual investments, but the authors prove that this direction can become a source of income for creative industries (economic value) and a resource for creating new meanings (symbolic value). Practical implications. The analyzed experience of the Baltic countries will be a valuable source of information for intensifying digital transformation in Ukraine. Deepening Ukraine's cultural ties with Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in order to exchange experience in the field of cultural heritage is of practical importance, as a number of implemented Baltic projects will help Ukrainian specialists to increase the efficiency of using modern technological tools in the field of culture. The article pays attention to European and Ukrainian public and private cultural projects and initiatives that are being implemented to digitize the preservation and promotion of historical and cultural heritage. Value/originality. It is advisable to study the prospects of cultural heritage tokenization and NFT as a tool for preserving, supporting and promoting cultural heritage.

The paper is dedicated to the work and research of prof, dr Milena Dragićević Šešić in the field of cultural heritage and memory studies, The paper analyses the key questions, topics and problems dealt with in the work of Dragićević Šešić, contextualising them in relation to the broader socio-political transitions, as well as in relation to the international academic trends in the field of cultural heritage, cultural memory and cultures of resistance. The core research interest of Dragićević Šešić is linked with the critique of ethno-national politics of memory, marginalised and dissonant layers of heritage, heritage and memory of the marginalised groups within patriarchal nationalistic models of heritage, as well as to counter-cultural memorial practices of artistic collectives, lesser known artists and civil society organisations. By analysing the work of Dragićević Šešić in the field of cultural heritage it becomes obvious that the very core of her work is a particular kind of engaged scholarship and academic activism dedicated to non-authorised heritage discourses and memory politics, triggered on the one hand by the socio-political crises of the dissolution of the former Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia, and on the other hand by the engagement with contemporary socially relevant scholarship trends.

This special issue of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry is dedicated to the use of analytical techniques in the field of cultural heritage. It contains a selection from the contributions presented in Berlin during the TECHNART 2011 conference on non-destructive and microanalytical techniques in art and cultural heritage. The contributions to the conference covered a wide range of advanced X-ray, ion and neutron beam techniques with special emphasis on microanalysis [X-ray fluorescence (XRF), particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray analysis] and confocal microscopy (3D micro-XRF, 3D micro-PIXE). Other contributions focussed on Fourier transform IR and Raman microscopy, UV–Vis and near-IR absorption, reflectance and fluorescence methods and other laser-based analytical techniques. Finally, contributions on the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy, highperformance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and optical imaging in addition to coherence techniques were also presented. As usual, mobile spectrometry played a major role in the TECHNART conference. Studies of cultural objects often comprise questions on their origin and dating and attribution to artists or workshops. Sometimes stylistic and art-historical examination coupled with information from contemporary technological treatises and secondary literature may be sufficient to answer such questions. However, in many cases the missing information can be deduced from the physical and chemical properties of the artefacts. In its individual materiality, each cultural asset is the result of a wide variety of influences (e.g. production, storage, restoration, preservation). So investigations of physical properties and chemical composition generate important input for answering cultural-historical questions that cannot be solved by historical and philological methods alone. Because of recent technological developments, instrumental diagnostics in art and culture are winning recognition in such fields of transdisciplinary research. Intimately connected with archaeometric investigations are conservation and restoration studies: the development of reversible restoration or conservation concepts requires knowledge of the material compositions and ageing phenomena of the artefacts. The growing importance of physical and chemical diagnostics in the field of cultural heritage is reflected in a variety of conferences, workshops and journals. Hence, the dissemination of new developments in analytical technologies is an important prerequisite for further progresses in such a field of transdisciplinary research. All in all, this special issue represents the state of the art, illustrating how different techniques and different methods can be successfully applied to analytical investigations in the field of cultural heritage. I would like to thank all authors for submitting convincing and newsworthy contributions, all referees for constructive and conducive comments, and finally the central editorial office and the editors for their friendly cooperation.

The following article examines museums as meeting points, as open and inviting places for encounters and interactions, shaped by the presence of cultural assets, and thus offering not only physical-geographical but also temporal, emotional and mental spaces for diverse and complex exchange and reflection. These considerations build on the EU project REACH, which provided the opportunity to carry out extensive studies and activities on participatory initiatives in the field of cultural heritage. Cultural heritage institutions were an important pillar of this project and our contribution was focused in particular on museums. A short overview of our work and its guiding intellectual principles will be presented here together with the insights gained through our international workshop and during our survey. Even though the study included only a small sample, it could still highlight a very diverse range of activities and frameworks, and reveal the highly complex character of participatory activities, and of museums and their work. Furthermore, the societal relevance of historico-cultural collections and the multidimensional value of interaction could be underlined. By relating these findings to the current debate on the institution of museum, it has been possible to reflect on the changes that museums are undergoing as a result of the altering attitudes, knowledge, experiences, behaviour and expectations both among the public and within the institutions themselves. In addition, it was of special concern to accentuate the need of modified framework conditions and of multilateral commitments and responsibilities. With this article, I would like to contribute to the ongoing debate on the further development of museums and to promote a rather simple and open form of their understanding and development as meeting points.

This article was carried out to present the subjects and titles of the technical and vocational education master's courses in Iran with a qualitative approach and using a descriptive-analytical method. The studied population included 10 curriculum titles of the Master's course in the education field of Farhangian University and 25 curriculum titles available in the Master's course of the technical and vocational education of other countries' universities. The results of the analysis and comparison of the differences and similarities of the courses showed that although there are differences and diversity in the number, type, and subject titles of this field in the universities, the titles of the courses in different universities share the following general titles. Based on the findings of the research, Compensatory lessons "Philosophy of Islamic education and training in the Islamic Republic; Teacher ethics from the perspective of Islam", compulsory courses "management, principles of teaching, technology, evaluation, research, philosophy and curriculum" and elective courses "psychology and counseling; Adult Education; Issues and challenges in technical and vocational education; Internship and seminar" and thesis are suggested for the master's course in the field of technical and vocational education of Iranian universities.

The aim of this article is to critique participatory processes in the field of cultural heritage, based on the assumption that tangible heritage has been associated to social distance, while intangible heritage has been related to social proximity and the currency of its expressions for the communities involved. Since cultural heritage has evolved as a field that appears to ignore individuals, but at the same time needs society to resound, is it feasible to promote it as a context for community involvement? Or, is it that participatory processes are a part of intangible heritage, which came into existence because of the need to include groups that had been historically relegated from the field of heritage? Can cultural heritage take on the challenges and their responses through differentiated approaches to participatory action/management?

The conservation and restoration of cultural heritage rely on technology and products designed for other sectors. The incorporation of new equipment requires exhaustive studies to ensure the viability of the new method linked to the safety of the technique, both for the operator and for the artwork. For this purpose, this research presents a preliminary approach to the study of dry ice blasting for its possible incorporation in the field of cultural heritage. This technique is characterized by being harmless for the operator and does not require washing times or subsequent evaporation as a result of solvent retention. It is an efficient and sustainable treatment, widely used in the technological, aerospace and industrial sectors. The article shows a theoretical analysis of the research results obtained by other specialists with the aim of introducing this technique in the eco-sustainable study of innovative technologies for the cleaning of culturally relevant surfaces. It describes the procedure of cryogenics, some cleaning equipment currently available and relevant case studies for both industrial and patrimonial contexts. Through the compilation and processing of documentary sources, we will be able to understand, define and analyze this new technique, specifying some basic aspects for its experimental evaluation. The attempt to incorporate cryogenics in the field of heritage is an improvement towards the reduction of the ecological management derived from the use of chemical waste. It is an innovative resource, full of benefits for the sector, in addition to contributing to five Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. This contribution allows progress towards a safer, greener and more sustainable restoration, reducing the dangers associated with the use of solvents and their irremediable ecological impact.