Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the metabolomic profiles of rumen fluid, serum, and urine from Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae), using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. In all, 189, 110, and 188 metabolites were identified in rumen fluid, serum, and urine, and 107, 49, and 99 were quantified, respectively. Organic acids, carbohydrates, and aliphatic acyclic compound metabolites were present at the highest concentrations in rumen fluid, serum, and urine, respectively. In addition, acetate, glucose, and urea were the most highly concentrated individual metabolites in rumen fluid, serum, and urine, respectively. In all, 77 metabolites were commonly identified, and 19 were quantified across three biofluids. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that the common quantified metabolites could provide relevant information about three main metabolic pathways, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; caffeine metabolism; and histidine metabolism. These results can be useful as reference values for future metabolomic research on Hanwoo biofluids in Korea.
Highlights
Metabolomics is a comprehensive approach that allows for the identification and quantification of all the metabolites in an organism which are affected by both genetic and environmental factors [1].Since the first signal detection in 1945 by Bloch, Purcell, and their colleagues [2], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has developed into the second most extensively used technique for metabolomic studies, after liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and has been frequently applied in untargeted metabolic investigations
The objective of the present study was to characterize the metabolomes of Hanwoo steers rumen fluid, serum, and urine using 1 H-NMR spectroscopy
The metabolites identified and quantified in the rumen fluid by using 1 H-NMR spectroscopy are described in Figure 1, Supplementary Materials Figure S1a, and Supplementary Materials Tables S1–S4
Summary
Metabolomics is a comprehensive approach that allows for the identification and quantification of all the metabolites in an organism which are affected by both genetic and environmental factors [1].Since the first signal detection in 1945 by Bloch, Purcell, and their colleagues [2], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has developed into the second most extensively used technique for metabolomic studies, after liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and has been frequently applied in untargeted metabolic investigations. Metabolomic studies using NMR spectroscopy have been conducted to investigate human metabolic diseases [3], drug toxicity [4], and food quality discrimination [5]. Such studies using NMR-based have been conducted in animals and plants [6]. Ruminants are mammals, such as cattle, goat, sheep, and deer, which are characterized by having complex stomachs designed to digest plant-based foods that are mainly made of cellulose and hemicellulose.
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