Abstract
The growth and development of follicles are a very complex physiological process that is regulated by endocrine, autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. The effect of small molecules in follicular microenvironment on follicular growth and development has not been clearly analyzed. In the present study, the metabolic changes in ovaries of FSH-stimulated mice were investigated. Metabolomic profiling of ovary stimulated by FSH were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and characterized by principal components analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis identified 21 differentially metabolites in positive ion mode and 12 in negative ion mode in the FSH-treated mice compared with the control mice. These results indicated that various types of phosphatidylcholine were changed. Furthermore, the levels of L-Glutamyl 5-phosphate, N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid, 4-fumarylacetoacetic acid, adenylylselenate and 5′-Methylthioadenosine in the ovaries of the FSH-stimulated mice were decreased. However, the levels of 19-hydroxytestosterone and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid were significantly increased in the positive ion mode and negative ion mode, respectively. Thirty-three differential metabolites including fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism in the ovaries of mice were affected by FSH injection. The findings of our study provide a new insight into understanding the follicular development.
Highlights
The growth and development of ovarian follicles are a very complex physiological process that is regulated by endocrine, autocrine and paracrine mechanisms [1]
The results showed that the control group and the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) group exhibited different metabolic characteristics
The results indicated decreased levels of L-glutamyl 5-phosphate, deoxyadenosine, γ-glutamylcysteine, N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid, 4-fumarylacetoacetic acid, glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate, adenylylselenate, prostaglandin G2 and 5 -methylthioadenosine in the ovary of the FSH-treated mice compared with the control in the positive ion mode
Summary
The growth and development of ovarian follicles are a very complex physiological process that is regulated by endocrine, autocrine and paracrine mechanisms [1]. The importance of endocrine signals in the regulation of follicular development has long been known. It is generally believed that the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) acts primarily to promote proliferation of granulosa cells, follicular growth, expression of luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor and aromatization of androgens to estrogens [2]. It is well known that insulin-like growth factor (IGF) promotes the synthesis of estradiol in antral follicles. Inhibin A and B, vascular endothelial growth factor [4], lactoferrin [5], hyaluronan [6], leptin [7], 25-OH vitamin D, glucose and IL-8 [8,9], and many others molecules are thought to be related to the growth and development of follicles
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