Abstract
Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn. subsp. procumbens (Pedaliaceae) has a long history of ethnobotanical use. The plant grows in the Kalahari region of southern Africa where it is consumed to treat inflammation-related disorders. Together with H. zeyheri, it is known as 'Devil's Claw'. The two taxa are botanically and chemically similar; however quantitative differences exist, H. zeyheri has been proven to contain lower levels of harpagoside. The taxonomic similarities and dissimilarities necessitates that effective quality control methods to distinguish between the two species be developed. In this study, the phytochemical variation within and between natural populations of H. procumbens (n= 241) and H. zeyheri (n= 107) in southern Africa was explored using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS), mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy and short wave infrared hyperspectral imaging (SWIR-HSI) in combination with multivariate data analysis methods. The orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models produced had the following statistics: MIR: R2X (cum predictive + orthogonal)= 0.86; Q2 (cum)= 0.63; SWIR-HSI: R2X = 0.99; R2Y = 0.78; UPLC-ESI-MS: R2X = 0.258; R2Y (cum)= 0.957; Q2(cum)= 0.934; 1H-NMR: R2X = 0.830; R2Y = 0.865; Q2(cum)= 0.829. All the methods clearly distinguished between the two species, showing that the two may not be chemically equivalent thus may not be used interchangeably as previously suggested.
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