Metabolomic insights into anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antinociceptive properties of Ilex paraguariensis: A UPLC-MS/MS analysis of phytochemicals and metabolic pathways.

Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Periplaneta americana extract and underlying mechanisms

BackgroundPain, inflammation and fever are serious conditions that are associated with various disease conditions. In modern medicine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids together with corticosteroids have been considered to manage algesia and inflammation-related conditions. However, these conventional drugs are not affordable, not readily available, particularly to people living in rural areas in developing nations. Besides, they are associated with undesirable pharmacological actions. Generally, medicinal plants have been employed to manage various ailments. In Northern-Nigeria, the leaves of Culcasia angolensis (Araceae) are used traditionally to manage pain, fever and inflammation. However, scientific data validating its folkloric claim in treating pain and inflammatory-related abnormalities are not available. Hence, the current study aims to validate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic potentials of the methanol leaf extract of Culcasia angolensis (MECA). Phytochemical and acute toxicity effects of the MECA were conducted as per standard experimental procedures. The analgesic potential of the MECA was determined using abdominal writhing elicited by acetic acid and hot plate tests in mice. The actions of the MECA on acute inflammation were conducted using formalin-induced hind paw oedema and carrageenan-induced paw oedema. The Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia was employed to check its antipyretic effect.ResultsThe MECA inhibited abdominal writhes produced by acetic acid administration (p < 0.05) and elevated the pain threshold in the hot plate test. The MECA also reduced the formalin-induced paw oedema. Besides, it produced an effective (p < 0.05) and dose-dependent action against oedema produced by carrageenan and reduced the rectal temperature against the pyrexia caused by Brewer's yeast administration.ConclusionsThe outcome of the study suggests that the MECA could possess pharmacologically active constituents with antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. Therefore, the results justified its ethnomedicinal use to manage pain and inflammatory-associated conditions.

Background: Studies revealed that statins can result in a larger mortality benefit than can be readily explained by their cholesterol-lowering effect alone. These benefits might be related to the anti-inflammatory and other effects statins may have. Aim: To find out the extent to which rosuvastatin can be considered as an antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory drug in comparison to two standard drugs; paracetamol and celecoxib. Methods: Mice (a total of 132) of either sex, 3-4 weeks of age, 20-25 gm body weight, were used. Tests for nociception: tail flick, hot plate and formalin tests; and for inflammation (formalin for chronic inflammation, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and TNF alpha level in blood) were used. Rosuvastatin (7mg/kg), paracetamol (40mg/kg), celecoxib (6mg/kg) or their combination were administered orally once daily in a volume of 0.2 ml. TNF alpha level in blood was measured using ELISA kit. Results: The antinociceptive effect of rosuvastatin was mild and was much less than that of paracetamol and celecoxib when tested in the tail-flick, hot-plate and formalin tests. It increased the latency for tail flick by only 13.3% when compared to pre-treatment measurements, and in formalin test, it reduced the licking time by 20.9% in comparison to control. The administration of rosuvastatin with either paracetamol or celecoxib did not add to the antinociceptive effects of the latter two drugs except in formalin test for pain. None of the above mentioned drugs reduced hind-paw edema when measured 24 hours after formalin injection, while they produced a significant edema-reducing effect after 14 days. Again there was no additive effect between rosuvastatin and either paracetamol or celecoxib; in contrast, rosuvastatin reduced nearly all the effects of celecoxib when given in combination. Similar trend was found when edema-induced by carrageenan injection. Conclusion: Rosuvastatin showed a significant antinociceptive effect in tail flick and in formalin test, but not in hot plate test in mice. It had anti-inflammatory and edema-reducing effects in models of inflammation but the effect was less than that of celecoxib and even paracetamol. These rosuvastatin effects did not add to those of paracetamol and had caused a reduction in celecoxib effects, when given in combination, except in formalin test for pain where there were additive effect.

Background: Societies in developing countries use traditional medicine as alternatives for management of pain and inflammation. The plant Cucumis ficifolius has been used in Ethiopia to treat many ailments including inflammation and pain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude root extract and solvent fractions of C. ficifolius.Methods: The analgesic activity of crude extract and solvent fractions of C. ficifolius was evaluated with acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate, and formalin-induced paw licking tests. The anti-inflammatory effect of crude methanolic root extract and solvent fractions of C. ficifolius was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema. The crude extract was given at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg. Butanol and aqueous fractions were given at 100 and 200 mg/kg doses. The negative control groups were treated with distilled water (10 mL/kg). Standard drugs used wereacetylsalicylic acid(ASA) in acetic acid, formalin tests and carrageenan-induced paw edema and morphine (20 mg/kg) in hot plate test.Results: The crude extract, at its maximum dose, produced comparable analgesic activity (72.5%) to ASA in acetic acid writhing test. In the hot plate test, both the crude extract and solvent fractions exhibited a significant prolongation of nociception reaction time. Formalin test result indicated a significant reduction of mean lick time with maximal protection of 64% (early phase) and 83% (late phase). Aqueous and butanol fractions showed good analgesic activity in the three models. Inflammation was decreased by 69% with butanol (200 mg/kg); 71% (800 mg/kg) of crude extract and by 41% and 56% with the use of aqueous fraction at 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively (p<0.001).Conclusion: The present study indicates that the crude methanolic root extract, as well as butanol and aqueous solvent fractions, showed anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities.

Background Tetracera alnifolia Willd. (Dilleniaceae) is used in traditional African Medicine for the treatment of headache, abdominal pain, and rheumatism. Hence, this study sought to investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of T. alnifolia (HeTA) in rodents. Methods Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-/capsaicin-induced paw licking and hot plate tests in mice. The contribution of opioidergic, l-arginine-nitric oxide, and ATP-sensitive potassium channel pathways in HeTA-induced antinociception was also evaluated. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed using the carrageenan-induced paw edema, xylene ear edema, cotton pellet granuloma, and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats. Results HeTA (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) produced significant (p<0.05) decrease in mean number of acetic acid-induced writhing, time spent licking paw in formalin, and capsaicin tests as well as time course increase in nociceptive reaction latency in hot plate test. HeTA-induced antinociception was prevented by pretreatment of mice with naloxone (non-selective opioid receptor antagonist), l-arginine (nitric oxide precursor), or glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker). HeTA (100 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant anti-inflammatory effect against carrageenan-induced rat paw edema (1-5 h), xylene-induced ear edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, and CFA-induced arthritis in rats. The effects of HeTA in various models were similar to the effect of the standard reference drugs. Conclusions Findings from this study showed that HeTA possesses antinociceptive effect possibly mediated through peripheral opioid receptors with activation of l-arginine-nitric oxide and ATP-sensitive potassium channel pathway as well as anti-inflammatory activity.

Aqueous Methanol Extracts of Cochlospermum tinctorium (A. Rich) Possess Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities

Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid exert anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in rodents at low doses

Behavioral assessment to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Fagonia bruguieri var. laxa boiss by targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin pathways.

Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-oxidative activities of Aquilaria crassna leaves extract in rodents

Friedelin was isolated from Azima tetracantha Lam. leaves collected from Kallakurichi, Villuppuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. The anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of friedelin have been investigated in Wistar rats and mice. Friedelin was isolated from the hexane extract of leaves of A. tetracantha using column chromatography. The effects of friedelin on inflammation were studied by using carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema, croton oil-induced ear oedema, acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, cotton pellet-induced granuloma and adjuvant-induced arthritis. The analgesic effect of friedelin was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction response, formalin-induced paw licking response and the hot-plate test. The antipyretic effect of friedelin was evaluated using the yeast-induced hyperthermia test in rats. In the acute phase of inflammation, maximum inhibitions of 52.5 and 68.7% (P<0.05) were noted with 40 mg/kg friedelin in carrageenan-induced paw oedema and croton oil-induced ear oedema, respectively. Administration of friedelin (40 mg/kg) significantly (P<0.05) decreased the formation of granuloma tissue induced by cotton pellet at a rate of 36.3%. In the adjuvant-induced arthritis test friedelin inhibited 54.5% of paw thickness. Friedelin inhibited acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in mice. Friedelin also produced significant (P<0.05) analgesic activity in the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction response and formalin-induced paw licking response. In the hot-plate test, friedelin did not show any significant results when compared with control. Treatment with friedelin showed a significant (P<0.05) dose-dependent reduction in pyrexia in rats. The results suggested that friedelin possessed potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Artemisia afra.Methods: Animals were randomly divided into five groups of six animals each and administered with normal saline (2 ml/kg), indomethacin (10 mg/ kg), and A. afra at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, respectively. For the anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan-induced paw edema was used while the hot plate and acetic acid induced-writhing tests were used to assess the antinociceptive activity.Results: Pretreatment with A. afra at a dose of 100 mg/kg did not show any significant biological effects (p&gt;0.05) for any of the three tests, when compared against saline-treated control group. At a dose of 200 mg/kg, A. afra demonstrated significant effects (p&lt;0.01), during the 5th h reducing carrageenan-induced paw edema by 12%. The highest dose (400 mg/kg) of A. afra demonstrated more potent effects by decreasing the carrageenan-induced paw swelling (p&lt;0.001–0.05) during the 3rd, 4th, and 5th h, by up to 38% when compared against saline-treated control group. Both the 200 and 400 mg/kg, A. afra doses achieved a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in reaction time in the hot plate test. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, pretreatment with A. afra (400 mg/kg) significantly reduced pain by 39% (p&lt;0.01) by comparison with the saline control.Conclusion: Experimental data demonstrated that aqueous extract of A. afra possesses anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties in experimental acute inflammation and pain. These findings support the usage of A. afra in managing inflammation and pain in traditional practice.

This study aims to investigate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Astragalus ibrahimianus, an endemic plant of Morocco. The analgesic effect was tested using the hot plate, writhing, and formalin tests. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by carrageenan and xylene-induced paw/ear edema respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by three tests, namely DPPH, reducing power, and iron chelation. A. ibrahimianus treatment resulted in a significant reduction in carrageenan-induced paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema. Acute pretreatment with the extract reduced the number of abdominal cramps induced by acetic acid injection, increased paw withdrawal latency in the hot plate test, and suppressed both phases of the formalin test. The extract showed significant antioxidant activity regarding the standard molecules. In conclusion, A. ibrahimianus has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of hydroalcoholic extract from Pseudobombax marginatum inner bark from caatinga potiguar

Aim. To study the analgesic effect of a new 1,4-benzodiazepine-2-one derivative (codenamed PAV-0056) in pain models in mice, its anti-inflammatory effect in experimental exudative inflammation in rats, and its potential ulcerogenic effect.Materials and methods. A 1,4-benzodiazepine-2-one derivative (codenamed PAV-0056) was orally administered in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution to 192 CD-1 mice weighing 20–25 g and 140 Sprague – Dawley rats weighing 250–300 g. The analgesic effect of the PAV-0056 compound at a dose of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg / kg was studied in murine acute thermal pain models (hot plate test, hot water immersion tail-flick test), acute chemogenic pain models (formalin test), and visceral spasticity-related pain models (acetic acid-induced writhing test). The anti-inflammatory effect of PAV-0056 at doses of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg / kg was studied in an experimental rat model of inflammation induced by subplantar administration of bradykinin and histamine. The potential ulcerogenic effect was studied in intact rats, who were injected with PAV-0056 at doses of 1 and 50 mg / kg four times. The analgesic effect of the PAV-0056 compound was compared to that of diclofenac sodium at a dose of 10 mg / kg and tramadol at a dose of 20 mg / kg. Its anti-inflammatory and potential ulcerogenic effects were compared to those of diclofenac sodium at a dose of 10 mg / kg.Results. In the hot plate test, the PAV-0056 compound at a dose of 0.1 mg / kg increased response latency in mice by 36%, and at a dose of 1 mg / kg, it increased response latency by 46% (p &lt; 0.05). In the tail-flick test, the PAV-0056 compound at a dose of 1 mg / kg increased response latency to heat stimulation in mice by 46% (p &lt; 0.05). After subplantar administration of formalin, PAV-0056 at doses of 0.01–1 mg / kg had a pronounced analgesic effect, as shown by a decrease in the number of pain responses by 39–55% (p &lt; 0.05). When mice were intraperitoneally injected with an acetic acid solution, the PAV-0056 compound at doses of 0.1 and 1 mg / kg reduced the frequency of writhings by 46 and 57%, respectively; at a dose of 0.1 mg / kg, it delayed the onset of the first writhing by 21% (p &lt; 0.05). In experiments on rats, the PAV-0056 compound prevented the development of exudative inflammation induced by subplantar administration of bradykinin and did not have an anti-inflammatory effect in histamine-induced inflammation. PAV-0056 did not cause formation of gastric ulcers and gastric mucosal bleeding.Conclusion. A 1,4-benzodiazepine-2-one derivative, PAV-0056, has a pronounced analgesic effect in models of thermal, chemogenic, somatic, and visceral pain in a wide range of doses (0.01–1 mg / kg). Its analgesic effects are the same as those of diclofenac sodium at a dose of 10 mg / kg and tramadol at a dose of 20 mg / kg. The analgesic effect of the PAV-0056 compound is selective, depends little on suppression of inflammatory exudation, and is caused by bradykinin antagonism. This substance has low toxicity and does not damage the gastric mucosa.

Modulation of the pharmacological properties of meloxicam by octreotide in rats