Abstract
The aim of this work was to conduct a systematic review of human studies on metabolite/lipid biomarkers of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, and provide recommendations for future studies. The search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMB Review, CINHAL Complete, PubMed, and on grey literature, for population studies identifying MetS biomarkers from metabolomics/lipidomics. Extracted data included population, design, number of subjects, sex/gender, clinical characteristics and main outcome. Data were collected regarding biological samples, analytical methods, and statistics. Metabolites were compiled by biochemical families including listings of their significant modulations. Finally, results from the different studies were compared. The search yielded 31 eligible studies (2005–2019). A first category of articles identified prevalent and incident MetS biomarkers using mainly targeted metabolomics. Even though the population characteristics were quite homogeneous, results were difficult to compare in terms of modulated metabolites because of the lack of methodological standardization. A second category, focusing on MetS components, allowed comparing more than 300 metabolites, mainly associated with the glycemic component. Finally, this review included also publications studying type 2 diabetes as a whole set of metabolic risks, raising the interest of reporting metabolomics/lipidomics signatures to reflect the metabolic phenotypic spectrum in systems approaches.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex health condition responsible for the concurrence of several metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular disturbances
metabolic syndrome (MetS) is recognized as a progressive pathophysiological state, being part of the trajectory leading to pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and CVD15
Considering the diversity of experimental design and analytical methods to characterize the multifaceted physiopathology of MetS, it is necessary to rigorously analyse the scientific literature to answer the general question “Do metabolomic/lipidomic profiles of MetS and/or its clinical components allow distinguishing from healthy individuals and do they expand the current knowledge about MetS phenotypes?”
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex health condition responsible for the concurrence of several metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular disturbances. Despite a lack of unified definition among health organizations (e.g. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), International Diabetes Federation (IDF), World Health Organization (WHO)), MetS comprises glucose metabolism dysregulation due to insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidemia, including increased blood triglycerides (TG) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and hypertension[1,2,3,4] This combination of risk factors favor adverse outcomes such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and increased mortality rate by approximately 1.5-fold[5]. Risks of adverse health outcomes increase substantially with accumulation of MetS clinical components and www.nature.com/scientificreports deleterious environmental factors (e.g. inactivity, Western-type diet) In this context, it is important to better characterize intermediate phenotypes associated with metabolic abnormalities. The aim of this work was to conduct a systematic review of human studies on metabolite/lipid markers of MetS and its individual clinical components and provide recommendations for improving the experimental design and result reports of MetS biomarkers
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