Abstract
Metabolic changes occur due to the effects of placental hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen in normal pregnancies. These effects enable the development of insulin resistance among all pregnant women, significantly pronounced in the third trimester. In pregnancies complicated by pre-gestational or gestational diabetes mellitus, these changes are more intensive as they affect the fetoplacental unit. In pregnancies complicated by diabetes the increased number of placental macrophages leads to the increased production of different cytokines which include leptin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukins. This review addresses placental vascular changes that lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes, along with the effects of the maternal hyperglycemia and fetal hyperinsulinemia.
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
