Metabolic state of the nation: Results of the national family health survey-4.

Studies that examined geographic variation in heart failure (HF) and its association with risk factors at county and state levels were limited. This study aimed to test a hypothesis that HF mortality is disproportionately distributed across the United States, and this variation is significantly associated with the county- and state-level prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP), diabetes, obesity and physical inactivity. Data from 1,723 counties in 51 states (including District of Columbia as a state) on the age-adjusted prevalence of obesity, physical inactivity, HBP and diabetes in 2010, and age-adjusted HF mortality in 2013-2015 are examined. Geographic variations in risk factors and HF mortality are analyzed using spatial autocorrelation analysis and mapped using Geographic Information System techniques. The associations between county-level HF mortality and risk factors (level 1) are examined using multilevel hierarchical regression models, taking into consideration of their variations accounted for by states (level 2). There are significant variations in HF mortality, ranging from the lowest 11.7 (the state of Vermont) to highest 85.0 (Mississippi) per 100,000 population among the 51 states. Age-adjusted prevalence of obesity, physical inactivity, HBP, and diabetes are positively and significantly associated with HF mortality. Multilevel analysis indicates that county-level HF mortality rates remain significantly associated with diabetes (β = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.7-3.7, p < 0.0001), HBP (β = 3.6, 2.1-5.0, p < 0.0001), obesity (β = 0.9, 0.6-1.3, p < 0.0001), and physical inactivity (β = 1.2, 0.8-1.5, p < 0.0001) after controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, and poverty index. After further controlling obesity and physical inactivity in diabetes and HBP models, the effects of diabetes (β = 1.0, -0.3 to 2.3, p = 0.12) and HBP (β = 2.4, 0.9-3.9, p = 0.003) on HF mortality had a considerable reduction. HF mortality disproportionately affects the counties and states across the nation. The geographic variations in HF morality are significantly explained by the variations in the prevalence of obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, and HBP.

Hypertension curriculum review: epidemiology and the prevention of hypertension.

In order to determine the prevalence of high blood pressure and obesity in indigenous Ashaninkas, with limited contact with Western culture, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 2008 in five Ashaninka communities of the Junin region in the jungle of Peru. Individuals aged 35 or older were included. 76 subjects were evaluated (average age 47.4 years old, 52.6 % women) corresponding to 43.2% of the eligible population. The prevalence of hypertension was 14.5% (CI 95%: 6.4-22.6) and the prevalence of obesity, according to body mass index, was 4% (CI 95%: 0-8.4). No differences were observed in gender or in blood pressure levels by age group. Compared with previous studies in non-indigenous people of the Peruvian jungle, the prevalence of high blood pressure was higher while the prevalence of obesity was lower. Our findings are a call to be aware of the situation of chronic non-communicable diseases in indigenous populations in the Peruvian Amazon.

Spatial mapping of COVID-19 for Indian states using Principal Component Analysis

Correlation of regional cardiovascular disease mortality in India with lifestyle and nutritional factors

Few studies have focused on the prevalence of obesity and hypertension among young people (ages 15-24). To characterise the prevalence of obesity and systolic hypertension in young people aged 15-24 years across Australia. Using data from the 2011-2012 Australian Health Survey, a national cross-sectional population-based survey, we included 2163 young people aged 15-24 years. Risk factors were estimated using multinomial logistic regression. The prevalence of obesity increased from 8% to 15% through the ages of 15-24 among males, but the prevalence of overweight and obesity were both 14% for females across all age groups. Low levels of physical activity were a strong risk factor for obesity for both males (odds ratio (OR) 5.95, 95% confidence intervals (CI)1.83-19.36) and females (OR 3.20 95% CI 0.69-14.87). Low socioeconomic status was associated with obesity among females only (first quintile OR 4.65, 95% CI 1.97-10.99). Although the prevalence of hypertension was low (4% males, 3% females), the prevalence of high normal blood pressure was substantial, especially among males (28% males, 14% females). Overweight, obesity and high normal blood pressure were highly prevalent among Australian young people. Low levels of physical activity were identified as a risk factor for obesity for both male and females. Programmes targeting physical activity participation may need to be tailored differently for males and females, with a focus on females during early adolescence but early adult life for males.

BackgroundIndia has witnessed rapid urbanization in recent decades, leading to a worrisome surge in non-communicable diseases, particularly overweight/obesity, which now present a critical public health concern. Therefore, this study seeks to examine spatiotemporal variations and determinants of overweight/obesity among women of reproductive age (WRA) in urban India and its states during 2005-2021.MethodsThe study used 44,882, 171,443, and 135,272 WRA aged 15–49 from National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-3 (2005-06), NFHS-4 (2015-16), and NFHS-5 (2019-21), respectively. The outcome variable was overweight/obesity, defined as a Body Mass Index (BMI) of ≥ 25 kg/m2. Chi-squared test and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify the determinants of overweight/obesity.ResultsOverweight/obesity prevalence among WRA in urban India has risen significantly, from 23% in 2005-06 to 33% in 2019-21. This increase is particularly pronounced among SC/ST women and women with lower educational levels. During the study period, overweight/obesity rates in different states exhibited varying increases, ranging from 3 percentage points (pp) in Rajasthan to 22 pp in Odisha. Certain southern (e.g., Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh) and northeastern states saw a significant 15 pp or more increase. In contrast, several northern, central, and eastern states (e.g., Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal) experienced relatively smaller increases ranging from 5 to 8 pp. As of 2019-21, two regions exhibited high prevalence rates of overweight/obesity, exceeding 35%: the southern region (Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Karnataka) and the northern region (Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Haryana). In contrast, the Empowered Action Group states had relatively lower rates (25% or less) of overweight/obesity. Regression results showed that older women [AOR: 5.98, 95% CI: 5.71–6.27], those from the richest quintile [AOR: 4.23, 95% CI: 3.95–4.54], those living in south India [AOR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.72–1.82], and those having diabetes [AOR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.83–2.02] were more likely to be overweight/obese.ConclusionConsidering the significant increase in overweight/obesity among urban WRA in India, along with substantial disparities across states and socioeconomic groups, it is imperative for the government to formulate state-specific strategies and policies based on determinants to effectively combat overweight/obesity.

The prevalence of hypertension in childhood is increasing, and investigation of its distribution is important for planning timely interventions. This study assessed the prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP) and associated factors in students between 9 and 11 years of age enrolled in public and private schools in Maceió, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was performed in a probabilistic sample of students (10.3 ± 0.5 years). The students were selected from a systematic sampling of 80 schools (40 public and 40 private). To maintain similar proportions of students existing in public and private schools in Maceió, 21 and 14 students were randomly selected from each public and private school, respectively. The prevalence ratio (PR) was estimated using Poisson regression. A total of 1,338 students were evaluated (800 from public schools and 538 from private schools). No differences were observed between school types in terms of student age and gender (p > 0.05). The prevalence of obesity (19.9% vs. 9.0%; PR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.67–2.92) and hypertension (21.2% vs. 11.4%; PR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.45–2.40) were higher in private schools. The association between high blood pressure and type of school (public or private) remained statistically significant even after adjustment for obesity (PR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.19–1.97). In conclusion: (a) students from private schools have higher socioeconomic status, BMI, and HBP prevalence compared to those of public school; (b) among the evaluated students, the prevalence of obesity only partially explained the higher prevalence of high blood pressure among students from private schools. Other factors related to lifestyle of children from private schools may explain the higher prevalence of HBP. This results show the need to implement measures to promote healthy lifestyles in the school environment, since children with HBP are more likely to become hypertensive adults. Therefore, early detection and intervention in children with HBP is an important action for the prevention of hypertension in adulthood.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the prevalence and trends of conventional risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD) between young Chinese and American adults with first acute myocardial infarction. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort analysis. Hospitalized yang adults (aged from 18 to 44 years old) with first acute myocardial infarction(AMI) from January 2007 through December 2017 were identified from Beijing Anzhen hospital medical record system. Prevalence and trends of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking, and dyslipidemia were analyzed and compared with young American adults, whose data were reported by Yandrapalli et al, and the hospitalizations for a first AMI in young adults aged 18 to 44 years were identified from national inpatient sample from January 2005 through September 2015. Results: Chinese cohort included 2 866 young adults with a first AMI (male, n=2 739, female, n=127), the mean age was (39±5) years. Presentation of AMI was more frequently ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (77.3%, 2 214/2 866). American cohort included 280 875 subjects (male, n=203 700, female, n=77 175), the mean age was 39±5 years. Presentation of AMI was more frequently non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (53.6%, 150 549/280 875). In China, dyslipidemia 2 254 (78.6%), smoking 2 084(72.7%), and hypertension 1 170 (40.8%) were most prevalent, and 96.0% (2 752/2 866) of patients had at least 1 risk factor; in the United States, smoking 159 537(56.8%), dyslipidemia 145 212 (51.7%), and hypertension 139 876 (49.8%) were most prevalent, and 90.3% (253 630/280 875) of patients had at least 1 risk factor. Women had a prevalence of diabetes was higher in women, and prevalence of dyslipidemia and smoking was higher in men in China (all P<0.05);prevalence of obesity, diabetes and hypertension was higher in Women, and prevalence of dyslipidemia and smoking was higher in man in the United States (all P<0.001). Prevalence of dyslipidemia and smoking was higher Chinese men (79.3% vs. 54.6%, 75.5% vs. 58.1%,all P<0.001), and prevalence of obesity, diabetes and hypertension was lower (13.1% vs. 18.6%, 14.9% vs. 19.9%, 40.6% vs. 49.3%, all P<0.001)in Chinses cohort than those in the United States cohort. Prevalence of smoking and obesity was lower (12.6% vs. 53.4%, 10.2% vs. 26.9%, all P<0.001) and prevalence of dyslipidemia was higher (63.8% vs. 44.1% P<0.001) in Chinese women than those in the United States women. Patients presenting with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction had a higher prevalence of obesity, diabetes and hypertension than patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in China (20.1% vs.10.9%, 17.6% vs. 14.5%, 47.4% vs. 38.9%, all P<0.05). The prevalence of the three risk factors also was higher in patients presenting with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the US (24.0% vs.17.0%, 25.0% vs. 20.0%, 54.6% vs. 44.2%, all P<0.001), prevalence of smoking and dyslipidemia was lower in these patients (53.5% vs. 60.5%,51.4% vs. 52.1%, all P<0.001). The prevalence of hypertension and obesity increased and the rate of smoking reduced in China from 2007 through 2017 (all trend P<0.001). The prevalence of all these five conventional risk factors increased temporally in the United States from 2005 to 2015 (all trend P<0.001). The prevalence of hypertension increased by 15.6% in China and 14.5% in the United States, respectively, accounting the largest increase. Conclusions: Smoking, dyslipidemia, and hypertension are most prevalent in China and United State. Significant sex and AMI subtype difference are observed for individual risk factors. The prevalence of hypertension and obesity increased significantly over time in China and all these five conventional risk factors increased significantly in the United States.

Asociación entre antropometría y presión arterial alta en una muestra representativa de preescolares de Madrid

Association Between Anthropometry and High Blood Pressure in a Representative Sample of Preschoolers in Madrid

Population studies have repeatedly found that black populations have a higher prevalence of high blood pressure in comparison with other ethnic groups. Blacks, coloured and Indians in South Africa are currently in a process of urbanization, which may lead to chronic diseases of lifestyle like hypertension. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity and high blood pressure in 10 – 15 year old Black, Indian, White and Coloured children in North West Province of South Africa. A cross-sectional experimental design was used for this study. A total of 1242 children, made up of 604 boys and 638 girls from different ethnical backgrounds were recruited from 44 randomly selected schools in the North West Province, which formed part of the THUSA BANA Study during 2000 and 2001. Demographic data and physical activity participation were obtained through standardized questionnaires. Resting blood pressure was recorded with the Finapress in a non-invasive way. Anthropometric measurements were primarily those described by Norton and Olds (1996). Percentage body fat was classified into three categories namely, high, normal and low, according to the classification of Lohman (1992). The highest prevalence of obesity in the male group was found in the white population (21.6%), while the highest prevalence of obesity in the female group was found in the Indian population (25.6%). Significant differences (p

BackgroundOverweight and obesity are components of a defined cluster of risk factors for non-communicable diseases, once problems for only the high-income countries, in recent days became rampant in developing countries. Despite the lack of extensive data on metabolic and cardio vascular disorders in Ethiopia, the prevalence of obesity among young adults (15–24 years), in a cross sectional study conducted in 1997, was 0.7% for men and 6% for women. The prevalence of hypertension (HTN) was found to be 7.1% of the population. The objective of this study was to see the prevalence and association of overweight, obesity and HTN and to check if there was any agreement among the various anthropometric measurements in detecting overweight and obesity.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia. A total of 68 participants with age >18 year were randomly selected and included. Data were collected using questionnaires and through physical measurements of weight, height and blood pressure, using the WHO recommendations.ResultThe prevalence of hypertension was 13.3% (9/68). The prevalence of overweight based on calculated body mass index (BMI) was 32.4% (22/68) while the prevalence of obesity was 16.2% (11/68). Body fat percentage (BFP) effectively classified all of the ‘overweight’ and ‘obese’ values according to the BMI as ‘overweight/obese’ (P = 0.016). Risk level classification with waist circumference enabled to correctly classify most (90.9%) and all of the ‘overweight’ and ‘obese’ BMI values as ‘increased risk/substantially increased risk’ (P < 0.001). Similarly, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was able to classify all ‘overweight’ and ‘obese’ BMI values as ‘increased risk/substantially increased risk’ (P < 0.001).ConclusionIn conclusion, the current study was able to detect a high prevalence of overweight, obesity, and HTN among adult population in Gondar town. There is a prevalent high level of general adiposity and central obesity. WHtR and BFP were the most efficient measurements to identify all ‘high risk’ groups of individuals as ‘high risk’ irrespective of their gender. Further study is recommended to elucidate the risk factors and complications of obesity and overweight in the study area and beyond.

BackgroundThis study aimed to uncover the changing prevalence of obesity and its association with hypertension across socioeconomic gradients in rural southwest China.MethodsData were collected from two cross-sectional health interviews and surveys from 2011 to 2021 among individuals aged ≥ 35 years in rural China. Each participant’s height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured. The overall prevalence of obesity, central obesity, and hypertension was directly standardized by age based on the total population of the two surveys. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between obesity and prevalence of hypertension and an individual socioeconomic position (SEP) index was constructed using principal component analysis.ResultsFrom 2011 to 2021, the prevalence of obesity, central obesity, and hypertension increased substantially, from 5.9%, 50.2%, and 26.1–12.1%, 58.0%, and 40.4% (P < 0.01), respectively. These increasing rates existed in all subcategories, including sex, age, ethnicity, education, annual household income, access to medical services, and SEP (P < 0.05). In both 2011 and 2021, lower education level and poor access to medical services correlated with higher prevalence of central obesity, while higher SEP correlated with higher prevalence of obesity and central obesity (P < 0.01). Prevalence of obesity was higher in the Han ethnicity participants and individuals with poor access to medical services than in their counterparts (P < 0.01). Whereas the prevalence of central obesity was lower in Han participants than in ethnic minority participants in 2011 (P < 0.01), this trend reversed in 2021 (P < 0.01). A positive relationship between annual household income and prevalence of obesity and central obesity was only found in 2021 (P < 0.01). Obese and centrally obese participants were more likely to be hypertensive in both survey years (P < 0.01).ConclusionsFuture interventions to prevent and manage obesity in rural China should give increased attention to high income, less educated, poor access to medical services, and high SEP individuals. The implementation of these obesity interventions would also help reduce the prevalence of hypertension.

OBJETIVOS: identificar as prevalências de pressão arterial elevada em crianças e adolescentes em estudos publicados nos últimos 30 anos. MÉTODOS: foi realizada uma busca nas seguintesbases de dados: Medline/PubMed, Lilacs, Web ofScience, Embase e Scielo entre os anos de 1980 e 2009. Foram incluídos estudos originais de prevalência de pressão arterial elevada ou hipertensão com tamanho amostral superior a 500sujeitos. RESULTADOS: a prevalência de pressão arterial elevada em crianças e adolescentes de 4 a 20 anos variou de 0,46% a 20,6%. As menores prevalências de pressão arterial elevada foram detectadas nos estudos em que a maior parte da amostra foi composta por crianças de 4 a 7 anos. Os protocolos mais utilizados na avaliação da pressão arterial foram o da Task Force e o do National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Ao todo 52,4% dos estudos utilizaram o método auscultatório para verificar a medida de pressão arterial e 47,6%, o método oscilométrico. CONCLUSÕES: apesar da grande discrepância dos valores de prevalência encontrados, ressalta-se ocrescimento da prevalência de pressão arterial elevada na população de crianças e adolescentes de diversas partes do mundo.