Abstract
Objective: To investigate the feasibility of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy for metabolic profiling of human saliva samples and to determine whether the concentration of certain salivary metabolites, mainly representing small organic acids and amino acids, differ between patients with primary Sjogren´s syndrome (pSS) and healthy controls. Methods: Stimulated whole-mouth saliva (SWMS) was collected from female pSS patients (n =15, all fulfilling the revised European Community proposed criteria). Salivary flow rate was immediately determined, samples were then frozen and subsequently analyzed by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy in comparison with samples collected from healthy individuals (n=15). Results: From each sample, up to 24 metabolites could be identified and quantified. Choline and taurine concentrations were very significantly higher in the pSS patients compared to healthy controls (p<0.001), but their concentrations correlated negatively with salivary flow rate. Alanine and glycine concentrations were significantly higher (p=0.004, p=0.007, respectively), whereas butyrate (p= 0.034), phenylalanine (p=0.026) and proline (p=0.032) were only slightly higher in pSS saliva samples than in controls. Conclusions: NMR spectroscopy has a potential for quantitative metabolic profiling of saliva samples. NMR spectroscopy is suitable for the analysis of NAAs in saliva and it can bypass the other methods, which are normally suitable for analysis of just one metabolite.
Highlights
Sjögrens syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease which causes chronic inflammation in the exocrine glands
Up to 24 metabolites were assigned in each sample including organic acids, carbohydrates, amino acids as well as amines
This study demonstrates the quantitative analysis of salivary metabolites in stimulated saliva of primary Sjögrens syndrome (pSS) patients and healthy subjects, using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
Summary
Sjögrens syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease which causes chronic inflammation in the exocrine glands. Salivary glands’ hypofunction is a consequence of ductal and acinar cell destruction and causes lower salivary secretion [1]. Sjogrens syndrome manifests in patients in two different forms: primary (pSS) and secondary (sSS). SSS usually is a consequence of some other rheumatic disease, for example systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). PSS is otherwise already a disease by itself [2]. Typical age of the patients is between 40 and 60 years, but the disease exists in all age groups [1]. Patients who suffer from SS have often a serious malfunction of exocrine glands, sometimes it is called thesicca syndrome. SS can affect exocrine glands in esophagus, stomach, bowel, pancreas and bladder [4]
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