Metabolic profile of the blood of cows with microelement deficiency

Both excesses and deficiencies in trace element intakes may cause diseases in individuals and populations. Many studies have been carried out on the role of several trace elements either individually or in combination/antagonism in the pathogenesis and etiology of various diseases. Excesses of heavy metals are the domain of toxicology and will not be considered here. In the present review emphasis is placed on diseases associated with widespread nutritional deficiencies in essential trace elements, often reflecting geo-environmental factors.KeywordsIodine DeficiencySodium SeleniteEssential Trace ElementEndemic GoiterKeshan DiseaseThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Introduction: Recent estimates in 2010 for the number of infants born prematurely,defined as those born before 37 weeks gestation, was 15 million worldwide. Thecomplications of preterm birth can be extensive and include low birth weight,respiratory complications, cardiac defects, necrotising enterocolitis, sepsis, andintraventricular haemorrhage. Preterm infants have lower body reserves of manynutrients compared to term infants, that can lead to poor weight gain, growth anddevelopment.Human milk is recognised as the optimum source of nutrition to ensure normal growthand development in infants. It contains a unique composition of macronutrients (fat,protein), micronutrients (vitamins, minerals) as well as immunological components.Women who deliver prematurely often cannot produce sufficient quantities of milk fortheir infant initially. This has led to the development of milk banks worldwide, wheremilk can be donated by women meeting certain criteria. In most cases the donatedmilk is pasteurised and frozen until required. Such milk is known as pasteurised donorhuman milk (PDHM) and is considered to be life saving for many premature infants.Essential trace elements are vital in early neonatal nutrition to promote normal growth.Trace elements are present in human milk but information regarding optimalconcentrations in milk is lacking. Trace element deficiencies although rare, have beenreported in exclusively breastfed infants and can lead to adverse health outcome if leftuntreated. The composition of preterm milk is recognised to be different to that of termmilk. Studies are lacking investigating trace element concentrations in preterm milkcompared to term milk, and if concentrations of trace elements vary over lactationstage, as is the case with other components of milk such as protein and fat. Aim: To investigate essential trace element content of human breast milk.Research objectives:1. To validate a robust, reproducible and sensitive method to simultaneouslydetermine the concentration of trace elements in human milk.2. To investigate the effect of the pasteurisation process on the concentration oftrace elements in donor human milk.3. To explore the effect of lactation stage on the concentration of trace elementsin human milk.4. To investigate differences in the concentration of trace elements betweenpreterm milk and term milk.Methods: The studies undertaken for this thesis received ethical approval from theRoyal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital (RBWH) and the University of Queensland EthicsCommittee. A fully validated, robust and reproducible method was established tosimultaneously analyse and quantify eight essential trace elements in small samplesof human milk, using inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. To investigatethe effects of pasteurisation in human milk, 16 women were recruited to the study andanalysis of pre- and post-pasteurisation samples was undertaken. To investigate anyvariation in concentration of trace elements in human milk over time, a case study ofone mother who delivered an extremely preterm neonate was included looking atsamples taken over 10 weeks postpartum. To investigate any differences betweenpreterm milk and term milk, women (21 preterm and 9 term) donated expressed breastmilk (EBM) over the first three months postpartum.Results: The validated method was able to quantify eight essential trace elements in0.2 mL samples of human milk: zinc, copper, selenium, manganese, iodine, iron, molybdenum and bromine. This method was the first to report bromine, a newlyrecognised essential element in human milk.The Holder pasteurisation process used to reduce the bacterial load of donor milk hadminimal effects on the concentration of trace elements, except for iron (p < 0.05).The case study of a mother delivering an extremely premature neonate (24 weeksgestation) revealed that certain trace elements may be present in breast milk atsuboptimal concentrations for normal health and development in the neonate.During the first three months postpartum, preterm milk samples (n = 384) and termmilk samples (n = 165) were compared. Higher median zinc concentrations wereobserved in preterm (3647 µg/L) compared to term samples (2478 µg/L) in the firstmonth postpartum. Similar concentrations in both groups were observed for selenium,manganese, iodine, iron, molybdenum and bromine during the first three monthspostpartum. A general decrease in concentration was observed for zinc, copper andbromine over the same period.Conclusion: The newly validated analytical method using alkaline dissolution wassuitable for use in clinical application investigating trace element concentrations insmall volume human milk samples. The Holder pasteurisation process used in thepreservation of donor human milk did not cause significant loss of trace elements,except for iron. Few differences were found in the concentration of trace elementsbetween preterm and term milk overall, except for zinc, but further work is needed toestablish these findings. Preterm and term milk exhibited a general decline in zinc,copper and bromine concentrations over lactation stage but relatively stableconcentrations were found for selenium, manganese, iodine, iron and molybdenum.

Trace elements are vital components involved in major body functions. Cases of trace elements deficiencies are increasingly encountered in clinical practice, although often underrecognized. This review gives a thorough insight into the newest findings on clinical situations associated with trace elements deficiencies in children and adults, their recognition and management. Trace elements deficiencies are frequently found in various conditions, most commonly in burns, bariatric surgery, intestinal failure, renal replacement therapy, oncology, critical illness and cardiac surgery. The main trace elements involved are selenium, zinc, copper and iron. Trace elements deficiencies are associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Recognition of clinical signs of trace elements deficiencies can be challenging. Although trace elements supplementation is indisputable in many circumstances, it is still debatable in other situations such as sepsis and cardiac surgery. Recent findings on trace elements deficiencies could have important implications on health outcomes. Trace elements delivery is a core component of nutritional care. Front-line clinicians should be aware of at-risk clinical situations to provide correct and timely intervention. Future research should be directed towards investigating the potential benefits of antioxidant trace elements supplementation in children in whom studies are scarce, especially in critical conditions such as burns, sepsis and cardiac surgery.

Trace element requirements in critically ill burned patients

Background: The most priority in medicine is the problem of providing an immune protection and increase in nonspecific resistance of an organism at elderly and senility age. First of all, search of ways of control of functions of lymphatic system is necessary for counteraction to aging. It is possible to make it by means of lymphotropic technologies of preventive medicine if to consider the concept of the lymphatic region. Methods: In the experiment used 160 albino rats that were divided into groups of young and old animals. The mesenteric lymph node is chosen as a research object. We used the original herbal remedy (phytocomposition) to improve the function of the lymph node. We conducted a histologic research of mesenteric lymph nodes. We defined the content of trace elements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se) in a mesenteric lymph node by means of the radiofluorescence analysis with use of the synchrotron radiation (RFA SI). Morphometric data processing was performed with licensed statistical software package StatPlus Pro 2009, AnalystSoft Inc. Results: Age-related changes in mesocolic lymph node reflect the general process of ageing. These changes of lymph node are associated with reduction of structural and functional compartments and with excessive manganese content and deficiency of trace elements (iron, zinc, and selenium). There is a decrease in drainage and immune function of lymph nodes in the elderly and senile age. We have realized the idea to control the lymphatic system functions using phytotherapy. Phytotherapy provides improved drainage and immune functions of the lymph node by increasing the size of functional compartments, intensification of cellular proliferation and mitigating the deficiency of the main trace elements. There is the formation of new lymphoid follicles after phytostimulation. Conclusion: Phytotherapy has a structural-modifying effect, which is important for improving the non-specific resistance of the body at the late stage of ontogenesis. This result is of practical importance for the optimization of endoecological rehabilitation.Key Words: Uterine fibroids, Menorrhagia, Pulmonary embolism, Deep venous thrombosis, Ovarian benign tumor.

Population explosion, poverty, pollution and illiteracy are the major problems that are common in developing countries. Apart from these, the majority of the population living in developing countries face a number of other problems that can influence the dietary intake and bioavailability of trace elements. Those include recurrent respiratory and diarrheal infections, heat and humidity, repeated pregnancies and prolonged nutrition, varied eating habits due to local customs and religion, and constant exposure to parasites. The currently accepted dietary allowances (RDAs) in affluent countries may not be applicable to populations in developing countries. Conventional techniques such as computation from recall methods using standard food tables available in developing countries may not provide adequate information about the true daily intake levels. Only direct methods based on the actual analysis of the food and drinks consumed during a 24-hour period can provide the true intake data. The results of a number of national and international studies conducted by the present authors and a survey of the available literature during the last two decades indicate that the daily dietary intake of a number of essential trace elements including iron, selenium and zinc is not adequate to meet the requirements. A lack of characteristic symptoms and diagnostic techniques is the main reason that a marginal deficiency of trace elements is not detected at an early stage. Moreover, trace element problems as a public health issue have a low priority in most developing countries. At the same time, essential trace element deficiencies and a relatively high exposure to toxic metals such as lead and cadmium are very common in many developing countries. One approach in identifying and treating marginal deficiency of trace elements lies in therapeutic trials. Until very simple, sensitive and specific diagnostic tests are available for routine use for detecting trace element deficiencies at an early stage, strategies for supplementation programs and fortification of staple foods with the trace element in question ought to be recommended for risk groups in developing countries. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 11:197–208, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Childhood obesity and the rate of its spread is a serious threat to the reproductive health of the nation, especially among boys, being a background for delaying sexual development and further disrupting fertility. To study the peculiarities of the ratio of the level of leptin and a number of toxic and essential chemical trace elements in biological environments in adolescent boys aged 13-14 years with obesity and delayed sexual development. Three groups of adolescents aged 13-14 years were studied and formed: the main ones - with constitutional exogenous obesity of 1-2 degrees (1-20 boys without secondary signs of puberty; 2 - 24 boys with 2-4stages of puberty according to Tanner) and comparisons (3 - 15 boys with normal body weight and without deviations in puberty). The level of lead, zinc, selenium, chromium and manganese in the morning urine was determined by the absorption method; in the blood serum - leptin, by the method of enzyme immunoassay. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out in the MeoCape 11.4.2 Statistica environment, nonparametric Spearman correlation analysis and calculation of the Student's t-test for independent samples, the reliability of the results at p&lt; 0.05. It was found that adolescents with obesity are characterized by a certain shift in the content of toxic and essential trace elements, the vector of which is shifted towards the predominance of levels of toxic chemical elements, in particular, ead, and a decrease in essential toxic elements, such as zinc, selenium, chromium and manganese. However, a more pronounced shift in the values in the imbalance of trace elements already violates not only the metabolic processes in the body of adolescent children, but also leads to a violation of puberty - to a delay in sexual development. In the body of adolescent boys with obesity and delayed sexual development, the processes of oxidative stress, tissue hypoxia are progressing against the background of excess leptin, accumulation of heavy metals and deficiency of essential trace elements. Less pronounced shifts in the content of leptin and trace elements in adolescent boys are determined by a failure in neuroendocrine regulation, but does not affect the level of puberty. The homeostasis of the hormonal-microelement composition ensures the harmonious development of adolescent boys.

The dietary requirement for an essential trace element is an intake level which meets a specified criterion for adequacy and thereby minimizes risk of nutrient deficiency or excess. Disturbances in trace element homeostasis may result in the development of pathologic states and diseases. This article is an update of a review article “Trace Elements in Human Nutrition-A Review” previously published in 2013. The previous review was updated to emphasis in detail the importance of known trace elements so far in humans’ physiology and nutrition and also to implement the detailed information for practical and effective management of trace elements’ status in clinical diagnosis and health care situations. Although various classifications for trace elements have been proposed and may be controversial, this review will use World Health Organization( WHO) classification as previously done. For this review a traditional integrated review format was chosen and many recent medical and scientific literatures for the new findings on bioavailability, functions, and state of excess/deficiency of trace elements were assessed. The results indicated that for the known essential elements, essentiality and toxicity are unrelated and toxicity is a matter of dose or exposure. Little is known about the essentiality of some of the probably essential elements. In regard to toxic heavy metals, a toxic element may nevertheless be essential. In addition, the early pathological manifestations of trace elements deficiency or excess are difficult to detect until more specific pathologically relevant indicators become available. Discoveries and many refinements in the development of new techniques and continual improvement in laboratory methods have enabled researchers to detect the early pathological consequences of deficiency or excess of trace elements. They all are promises to fulfill the gaps in the present and future research and clinical diagnosis of trace elements deficiencies or intoxications. However, further investigations are needed to complete the important gaps in our knowledge on trace elements, especially probably essential trace elements’ role in health and disease status.

Studies suggest that trace element and vitamin deficiencies are common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Data describing the rates of vitamin and trace element deficiencies in the ASD population of the northwest of Ireland is lacking. We wished to determine the prevalence of zinc and vitamin A deficiency in the ASD population compared with controls within this geographical area. Parents of children aged 2-18years with ASD were invited to participate in the study. The control group consisted of well children attending the paediatric department for routine blood sampling. Children on vitamin supplements were excluded from both ASD and control groups. Informed written consent was obtained prior to recruitment. Samples were analysed for zinc and vitamin A levels according to standardized laboratory procedures. Seventy-four of the 150 children with ASD who were invited and 72 controls underwent blood sampling. Mean zinc and vitamin A levels were normal in both groups. There were significantly more males in the ASD group (88% versus 56%, p value<0.001). The mean (SD) zinc level was not different between the groups (ASD 11.7 [1.7] versus control 11.6 [2.1] μmol/L, p value=0.86). The mean (standard deviation) vitamin A level was higher in the ASD group (ASD 350.6 [82.6] versus 319.2 [82.8] μg/L, p value=0.03), but this was likely confounded by age. Children with ASD in the northwest of Ireland have mean zinc and vitamin A levels within the normal range. It is important that these findings are relayed to health professionals and to parents of children with ASD so that informed decisions on vitamin supplementation can be made.

Correlation of endocrine disrupting chemicals with essential elements in biological samples of children (1–5 years) with different infectious diseases and impact on sustainable outdoor activities

Chapter 4k Elemental Analysis Of Body Fluids And Tissues By Electrothermal Atomisation And Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Several essential trace elements are present in human milk in much lower concentrations than in milk from other species or in other infant diets.1 However, recent research has shown that the bioavailability of these trace elements (iron, zinc, copper and manganese) is very high from. human milk.2 As a consequence, trace element deficiency in breast-fed infants is rare.

Trace elements are involved in enzymatic activities, immunological reactions, physiological mechanisms and carcinogenesis. Deficiency in some trace elements, such as iron and iodine, is still an important health problem, especially in developing countries. Some groups of individuals are more likely to develop trace element deficiency. The role of trace elements deficiency is suspected in various clinical situations and is now confirmed by well designed supplementation studies. Although toxicity of trace elements with clinical manifestations is rare, it has been observed that manganese toxicity may occur in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. Recent data about trace elements deficiency and toxicity are indicated in this review.

The Role of Copper, Molybdenum, Selenium, and Zinc in Nutrition and Health

Trace elements and minerals are considered in this chapter, with particular emphasis on their role in gastrointestinal and liver disorders. Research on trace elements has made remarkable progress in the past three decades, and it is now known that gastrointestinal diseases can impair the metabolism of trace elements whereas, on the other hand, trace element deficiency may alter the natural history of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. So far, more trace elements than previously considered essential are now known to be crucial structural and functional components of proteins and enzymes (see Chapter 1). On the other hand, the presence of excessive amounts of these elements in humans may have adverse effects on their health. Trace elements are important in human nutrition: their deficiency has been documented in malnourished and starving populations and in industrialized countries, where marginal deficiency is now recognized to be fairly common, especially in children and the elderly (see Chapter 6). Multiple factors may also affect the gastrointestinal handling of trace elements (intake levels, bioavailability, transport, storage, and excretion). Most of the trace element are metabolized by the liver: damage to hepatic cells usually results in trace element deficiency but in some conditions an altered excretion may cause toxicity. Zinc, iron, copper, selenium, manganese, and calcium have been studied more extensively whereas the importance of other trace elements and minerals in gastrointestinal diseases and the steps in their metabolism are as yet unknown.KeywordsChronic PancreatitisHepatic EncephalopathyPrimary Biliary CirrhosisGastrointestinal DiseaseZinc SupplementationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.