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Abstract
BackgroundChronic periodontal disease is an infectious disease consisting of prolonged inflammation of the supporting tooth tissue and resulting in bone loss. Guided bone regeneration procedures have become common and safe treatments in dentistry, and in this context dental stem cells would represent the ideal solution as autologous cells. In this study, we verified the ability of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells (DPSCs) and gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) harvested from periodontally affected teeth to produce new mineralized bone tissue in vitro, and compared this to cells from healthy teeth.MethodsTo characterize DPSCs and GMSCs, we assessed colony-forming assay, immunophenotyping, mesenchymal/stem cell phenotyping, stem gene profiling by means of flow cytometry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The effects of proinflammatory cytokines on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation and differentiation potential were investigated. We also observed participation of several heat shock proteins (HSPs) and actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs) during osteogenic differentiation.ResultsDPSCs and GMSCs were successfully isolated both from periodontally affected dental tissue and controls. Periodontally affected dental MSCs proliferated faster, and the inflamed environment did not affect MSC marker expressions. The calcium deposition was higher in periodontally affected MSCs than in the control group.Proinflammatory cytokines activate a cytoskeleton remodeling, interacting with HSPs including HSP90 and HSPA9, thioredoxin-1, and ADFs such as as profilin-1, cofilin-1, and vinculin that probably mediate the increased acquisition in the inflamed environment.ConclusionsOur findings provide evidence that periodontally affected dental tissue (both pulp and gingiva) can be used as a source of MSCs with intact stem cell properties. Moreover, we demonstrated that the osteogenic capability of DPSCs and GMSCs in the test group was not only preserved but increased by the overexpression of several proinflammatory cytokine-dependent chaperones and stress response proteins.
Highlights
Chronic periodontal disease is an infectious disease consisting of prolonged inflammation of the supporting tooth tissue and resulting in bone loss
We investigated if the proinflammatory microenvironment negatively affects dental mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) characteristics and properties, and we speculated about a closer link between chronic inflammation and bone formation through the involvement of several Heat shock protein (HSP) and Actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)
Inflamed dental tissue-derived MSCs show a higher proliferative ability Dental pulp mesenchymal stem cell (DPSC) and Gingival mesenchymal stem cell (GMSC) were isolated from 49 patients
Summary
Chronic periodontal disease is an infectious disease consisting of prolonged inflammation of the supporting tooth tissue and resulting in bone loss. Chronic periodontal disease is an infectious disease resulting in inflammation within the supporting tissue of the tooth, with progressive attachment and bone loss. It is characterized by pocket formation and/or gingival recession [1]. The principal limits are that a donor site is required and only a limited amount of graft is often recoverable [6,7,8] For this reason, autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) would represent the ideal solution for stem cell-based bone tissue engineering
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