Merkel's move on science

Angela Merkel received her degree in physics from the University of Leipzig and her Ph.D. from the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences, in East Berlin. Since 1990, she has been a member of the German Parliament, and since 1994, she has been the Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety. She is the author of Der Preis des Uberlebens. Gedanken und Gesprache uber zukunftige Aufgaben der Umweltpolitik (Deutsche Verlangsanstalt, Stuttgart, 1997). ![Figure][1] G lobal change is creating enormous challenges for humanity. The world's population is expected to grow from nearly 6 billion today to 8.5 billion by the year 2025. Global energy requirements will continue to increase. The newly industrialized countries of Asia and Latin America are experiencing very rapid economic growth that is bringing modern society's environmental problems, including air and water pollution and waste problems, to wider areas of the globe. The ecological problems caused by human economic activity are worsening and taking on global dimensions. Climate change, ozone-layer depletion, and loss of forest cover are important examples. At the same time, social conditions continue to worsen in many developing countries. It is estimated that more than 1 billion people now live in poverty without sufficient food, adequate educational opportunities, or any possibility of political participation. Although financial and economic markets are becoming more and more interconnected and we like to think in terms of a “global village,” our efforts to enshrine environmental protection and development as the common task and responsibility of all countries have just begun to make headway. The key aim for the 21st century is “sustainable development,” which the international community embraced at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development. Sustainable development seeks to reconcile environmental protection and development; it means nothing more than using resources no faster than they can regenerate themselves, and releasing pollutants to no greater extent than natural resources can assimilate them. If we are to move toward sustainable development, the industrialized countries will have to accept special responsibility—not only because of their past ecological sins, but also because of their present technological know-how and financial resources. Yet, one must keep in mind that sustainable production and consumption involve not merely technical progress, but also cultural patterns of individual behavior and values. The German government has chosen the socio-ecological market economy (okologische und soziale Markwirtschaft) as the framework for shaping production and consumption in keeping with sustainable development, while at the same time encouraging innovation in industry and society. The key is to sever the traditional link between economic growth and the consumption of resources, which increasingly threatens the natural basis for life and the preservation of natural and landscape diversity. There are several possible ways to achieve environmental compatibility in lifestyles and economies. Technical and scientific innovations provide excellent prospects for environmental protection. As we approach the end of the 20th century, industrial society is becoming a knowledge-based society. It is vital that we use our growing knowledge and capabilities responsibly, and that we use them in the interest of environmentally appropriate development. Science must play an important role in the pursuit of sustainable development, especially in the following categories: ![Figure][1] Energy use. The key technologies of sustainable development include new energy and propulsion technologies that will help reduce emissions of climate-damaging greenhouse gases. Simply to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations at twice their preindustrial levels, we will have to reduce current global greenhouse emissions by over 50%. Germany has set a goal of reducing CO2 emissions by 25% by the year 2005, with respect to the 1990 level. Achieving this goal involves focusing on improved thermal insulation in buildings, on the use of heat/power cogeneration, and on efficient support for the use of renewable energies. Currently the most progress is found in the area of wind energy; in the medium term, the use of solar energy, with photovoltaic technology, will continue to grow in significance. An honest consideration of our options indicates that we cannot afford to discontinue peaceful use of nuclear energy. Closure of substance cycles. Modern microsystems and control technologies are also providing new opportunities to design environmentally friendly production processes. While filter and wastewater-treatment technologies have considerably enhanced air and water quality in recent years, they are never more than the second-best solution, and have been surpassed by integrated environmental technology, that is, technology that optimizes the use of materials and energy. This involves material-efficient, energy-efficient production processes as well as the manufacture of environmentally compatible products, especially those that generate little waste. We have created the necessary framework for this with the Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management Act, which came into force in 1996. Instruments such as eco-audits, which help identify the saving potentials from environmental protection investments, also promote development of such “clean” technologies. Environmentally compatible mobility. Environmentally compatible traffic concepts are a particularly important category for innovation. In Germany, the automobile industry now accounts for about 20% of all industrial investments in research and development. “Three-liter cars” (that is, cars consuming less than 3 liters of gasoline per 100 km), natural-gas engines, electric cars, hydrogen engines, and fuel-cell engines can all play a role in eliminating motor-vehicle emissions. Telematics can enable traffic to move more efficiently. Information and communication technologies can eliminate the need for physical transports in some areas, and computerized logistics in goods transports can reduce total transport distances. Biotechnology. Biotechnology is expected to bring important advances in medical diagnosis and therapy, in solving food problems, in energy saving, in environmentally compatible industrial and agricultural production, and in specially targeted environmental protection projects. Genetically altered microorganisms can break down a wide range of pollutants by being used, for example, in bio-filters and wastewater-treatment facilities, and in the clean-up of polluted sites. Genetically modified organisms can also alleviate environmental burdens by reducing the need for pesticides, fertilizers, and medications. Sustainability, as a strategic aim, involves optimizing the interactions between nature, society, and the economy, in accordance with ecological criteria. Political leaders and scientists alike face the challenge of recognizing interrelationships and interactions between ecological, economic, and social factors and taking account of these factors when seeking solution strategies. To meet this challenge, decision-makers require interdisciplinary approaches and strategies that cut across political lines. Environmental discussions must become more objective, and this includes, especially, debates about the risks of new technologies, which are often ideologically charged. In light of the complex issues involved in sustainable development, we need clearer standards for orienting and assessing our environmental policies. In this context I consider the current work on indicator models as a means to assess and monitor the success of sustainability strategies, to be of great significance. Sustainable development can succeed only if all areas of the political sector, of society, and of science accept the concept and work together to implement it. A common basic understanding of environmental ethics is needed to ensure that protection of the natural foundation of life becomes a major consideration in all political and individual action. A dialogue among representatives of all sectors of society is needed if appropriate environmental policies are to be devised and implemented. In the long term, “progress” works against us if it continues to be detrimental to nature. This realization will find increasing acceptance. Environmental protection will play a central role in the 21st century and will be a major challenge for politicians and scientists alike. [1]: pending:yes

A common perception is that China has relied on the expansion of labour-intensive industries and flooded the world market with cheap but low to medium level technology products. Although it has become the third largest exporting nation, China has failed to create a large number of big businesses that can compete with the world’s leading multinational companies (Nolan (2004)). The Chinese government has long been aware of the weakness of its development strategy and has been trying to improve its own technological capacity through investments in basic research, innovations and the application of new technologies, utility models and designs. China’s strategy on science and technology can be best described by the so-called ‘walking with two legs’ principle. The first leg is based on building up domestic research and innovative capacity. This is through investments in research institutes, universities and LMEs. China’s second leg has been to build up its technology capacity through its open policy and attracting FDI and technology. China has made significant advances in the following areas regarding science and technology. Research and innovative activities have been encouraged and supported by the central and regional governments. More research and innovative activities are encouraged in the LMEs. HEIs have become increasingly important for research and innovative activities. The export-push strategy and encouragement of FDI inflow are two important venues for importing advanced foreign technologies.

Latin America faces hurdles in health research

Interaction with international actors is a significant factor in improving regional governance in Ukraine. Currently, the reform program in this area is the Plan Ukraine Facility, which was developed in the context of the EU decision to provide Ukraine with macro-financial assistance. The purpose of the article is to analyze Ukraine’s commitments to reforms in the field of regional policy and local government in accordance with this document, the progress and prospects for their implementation. Institutional, chronological, comparative, etc. methods were used. The Ukraine Facility provides for three groups of reforms in the field of regional governance. First, the promotion of decentralization reform. This concerns the formation of local state administrations of the prefectural type, revision of legislation on local self-government, and the distribution of powers between the central, regional, subregional, and local levels, in particular in the context of recovery. The distribution scheme was made public at expert discussions held under the auspices of a specialized parliamentary committee. The third part of this group of reforms is amendments to the Constitution in terms of decentralization. According to the Roadmap for Decentralization approved by the government, they will take place after the lifting of martial law. The most difficult will be the adoption of the Law “On the Administrative and Territorial Structure of Ukraine”, since, unlike 2020, it should also affect the subnational level. Secondly, the Ukraine Facility plans reforms to democratize local self-government and involve citizens in decision-making. Some of the envisaged laws have been adopted. But, given corruption among local elites, democratization will be a long process. It is associated with the socio-economic and cultural development of communities, the formation of self-government in the housing sector, and the development of self-organization bodies of the population. Thirdly, the Ukraine Facility provides for strengthening the development and implementation of regional policy, in particular, updating the State Strategy for Regional Development. In August 2024, the government approved a new edition of the Strategy for 2021-2027. The strategic goals have not changed compared to 2021, but the specifics of the current situation are embedded in operational goals and tasks by directions. An analysis of these commitments of Ukraine shows that the political aspects of decentralization and regional development policy have not been exhausted. The current tasks are both the formation of political actors who should develop and implement reforms, and the development of reform projects themselves. An important actor is the international community, on the other hand - residents of communities and regions, civil society, and self-organization bodies of the population. As for professional managers, one of the most relevant is to increase their competence in regional development management.

Italy is undoubtedly a country of great contradictions: a magnificent artistic heritage and a wonderful landscape in constant threat of negligence and bad administration, if not from corruption. Italy has the record of the most ancient university in Europe—Alma Mater Studiorum was established in Bologna about three centuries earlier than the university in Heidelberg—but it is, at the same time, one of the European countries with the lowest investments in research and education. While salaries of professors and technical staff, as well as structural investments for research and teaching activities, are granted by central government and student fees, research activity is mainly supported through calls for projects launched infrequently by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR). Local support and collaboration with industries are an additional source of funding, but they are neither comparable to current situations in other countries, nor to the investments in industrial research that characterized the 1950s and 1960s, which was the golden age of our only Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, Giulio Natta.

Over the last few decades investments in research and development (R&D) projects have risen significantly. Many experts have found a positive relationship between R&D expenses and a company’s value. However, investments in innovations are characterized by a high level of uncertainty. Often innovations generate income only in long run. These factors increase the probability of firms’ financial distress considerably. Thus, the aim of the present paper is to evaluate financial distress costs at companies that invest in research and development projects. The study covers 389 innovative firms over the period from 2006 to 2015. The analysis is based on a direct and indirect costs evaluation. The first are estimated through panel logistic regression. Indirect costs are calculated as unexpected losses or profits relative to industry indicators. The paper confirms the existence of relation between R&D expenses and financial instability. The results of the research show that the total financial distress costs of innovative companies amount to 7.95% of total assets or 11.78% of the value of a company on average.

Regional government in Indonesia annually sets a target for tax revenues of non-metallic minerals and rocks. Setting targets is very important as a guideline in preparing the current year's budget work plan. So far, the target of non-metal mineral and rock tax revenues has been prepared based on a joint agreement between the regional government and the regional legislature. The prediction of non-metal mineral and rock tax revenues using Monte Carlo simulation can be a solution to predict the next few years. This prediction uses data between 2009 - 2018 taken from the tax and retribution management body one of the districts in Indonesia. Testing the results of predictions is done by comparing the results of predictions with data from 2016 - 2018. The test results show that the average accuracy rate reaches 82.05%. So this study greatly helped the district government in setting the target for the acceptance of non-metal minerals and rock taxes.

The implementation of the principal appointment policy in West Nusa Tenggara Province in 2024 has not met government expectations. This policy is based on the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology Regulation Number 40 of 2021 concerning the assignment of teachers as principals. The requirement for mover teacher to become principals, as stipulated in Article 2, paragraph c, has not been fully implemented, even though two years have passed since the regulation was enacted and the availability of teacher leader competency certificates has been met. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the policy of appointing principals from teacher leaders from the aspects of communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The next objective is to reveal the inhibiting and enabling factors in the implementation of the policy. This is a qualitative study using a post-positivist approach, where data processing and analysis use the DAPA (Data Analysis Procedure by Application) technique with Nvivo 12 Plus. This study found that the implementation of principal appointments in three regional governments, namely West Lombok Regency, West Sumbawa Regency, and the Provincial Government, has been carried out in stages, both manually and through the implementation of the KSPS system. In terms of communication, the policy implementation was conveyed to regional governments through the provincial education office and district/city education offices through socialization activities, workshops, and coordination meetings. Supporting resources for this policy have been almost fully provided by the government. The disposition or attitude of the implementers generally supports this policy. The bureaucratic structure of the policy has been designed by the government, so regional governments feel that there is no need to develop SOPs, supported by the use of the KSPS system, which has various advantages such as automated administrative selection, integration with the dapodik, ekinerja, PMM, and other systems that simplify the appointment communication process. The revelation of inhibiting and supporting factors, as well as the analysis of the implementation of this policy, has resulted in a new, more comprehensive, and participatory policy implementation model/strategy.

This article is a markedly condensed summary of a longer report [Resource allocation to brain research in Europe (RABRE), part 2] that is simultaneously published on line: (i) as supplementary material linked to this European Journal of Neuroscience article (http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/ejn) and (ii) on the website of the European Brain Council (http://www.europeanbraincouncil.org/publications). We have recently shown that brain diseases account for 35% of the overall disease burden and cost European society almost euro 400 billion per year (a billion is understood to mean one thousand million throughout this report). The aim of the present study was to estimate funding for brain research in Europe and the cost-benefit of further investments in this area of research. The assessment of funding included public sources (governmental agencies plus charities) and industry funding. The assessment of publicly financed research support for brain research was based on a comprehensive survey, and industry investment in brain research was assessed based on published data on pharmaceutical development. The total funding of brain research in Europe was estimated at euro 4.1 billion in 2005, of which public grants amounted to < euro 900 million. Thus, industry funding accounted for 79%. Although cancer only incurred 50% of the cost of brain diseases in 2005, public grants for cancer research were almost twice as high as the public financial support of brain research. US-based funding of brain research was almost four times higher than European funding. We assessed the cost-benefit of further investment in brain research using different methods. They all showed that increased investment in brain research is likely to be highly cost-effective. We conclude that European spending on brain research, particularly public spending, is low compared to other fields of research and to the US, and that increased investment in brain research seems warranted.

Prelude to the Columbus Raid of 1916: The Battle of Naco Heribert von Feilitzsch (bio) When “constitutionalist” revolutionaries ousted the Mexican dictator Victoriano Huerta in July 1914, the political situation in Mexico was far from stable. The rivalry between the victorious Mexican rebel commanders Pancho Villa and Venustiano Carranza coincided with the outbreak of World War I. Because of its oil wealth and proximity to the United States, Mexico became a strategic interest in the war. German agents, most notably Felix A. Sommerfeld, Dr. Arnold Krumm-Heller, and Frederico Stallforth, infiltrated the inner circles of the Villa and Carranza factions, as well as the large community of exiled Mexican leaders.1 In the fall and winter of 1914, the imperial German government had not yet decided upon a strategy to use the unsettled political situation in Mexico against the United States. However, as the United States began supplying Germany’s enemies on a massive scale at the beginning of 1915, the German naval intelligence agent Felix Sommerfeld proposed to his German superiors in May to single-handedly create an American military intervention in Mexico.2 Sommerfeld argued that the intervention would cause the American military to consume arms and munitions for its own forces, thus curbing the exploding exportation of military supplies to Germany’s enemies. American military operations along the border with or within Mexico would have also limited the United States to actively participate in the European war on the side of the Allies. Sommerfeld stated to the former German colonial minister turned propaganda chief in Washington, D.C., Dr. Bernhard Dernburg, that he, Sommerfeld, had had the chance to create such an intervention in the winter of 1914–1915, at the height of the border tensions between the U.S. and Mexico at Naco, Arizona.3 The only reason he refrained, declared the agent, was that he was unsure of German intentions. Dernburg wrote to Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff, “Felix A. Sommerfeld had misgivings at the time to force an intervention through [End Page 473] General Villa since he did not know the intentions of Germany towards the United States.”4 Historians have indeed overlooked Sommerfeld’s central role in the standoff at Naco.5 He used his connections to the highest echelons of the U.S. government as well as his status as Pancho Villa’s representative in the United States to precipitate the end to the crisis. One year later, between January and June 1916, after the German government had accepted Sommerfeld’s offer to create a U.S. military intervention in Mexico, the German agent used his experience and connections from Naco to the opposite effect, namely to bring the two countries to the brink of war.6 After the ouster of the common enemy Victoriano Huerta in the middle of July 1914, the rivalry between Pancho Villa and Venustiano Carranza ignited later in the summer of that year.7 The revolutionary factions in Mexico split along several political lines. Pancho Villa, now at the zenith of his power, commanded the largest army of the revolution. Although he personally had no interest in becoming president of Mexico, Villa deeply mistrusted Venustiano Carranza’s commitment to land reform, redistribution of wealth, and constitutional government.8 In 1914, the governor of Sonora, José Maria Maytorena, aligned himself with the fortunes of Pancho Villa against Carranza’s regime.9 The large northern Mexican state played a critical strategic role in the renewed civil war because of the proximity to the United States. Maytorena was less a military man than a cunning political boss.10 After Victoriano Huerta toppled President Francisco Madero in February 1913, Maytorena declared himself against the usurper. He did not await the fate of his colleague in Chihuahua, Governor Abraham González, who was brutally murdered by Huerta’s henchmen. Rather, Maytorena fled to Tucson, Arizona, and from there to Los Angeles. He returned to Sonora in July 1913 and reclaimed the governorship after the forces of Álvaro Obregón liberated Chihuahua from Huertista control. Widely regarded among revolutionaries as a coward, the Sonoran politico now depended largely on the military power of Obregón’s army. Even while in exile the governor only...

This report analyses the Technological Innovation System (TIS) of Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) in Austria. The study’s scope is consistent with the IEA PVPS Task 15 report [1].The analysis aims to facilitate and support the innovation, development, and implementation of industrial solutions of BIPV technologies. In Austria, the use of BIPV is still a niche application and covers under 2% of all implemented PV systems [1]. BIPV technology in Austria has historically developed with the support of different public financial incentives, national and European. The history of BIPV is somehow tightened to the history of PV. The first BIPV prototypes were developed by PV companies in the framework of national or European research activities, with the first development and innovation projects starting around 2003. In general, it should be mentioned that in the last years, PV and BIPV companies have increased specialization in the production of BIPV, especially colored and semitransparent PV modules. In this regard, a wide range of variants are offered (printing, coating, films). The colored components are mainly purchased from glass companies or polymer film producers. Another trend in Austria is the production of transparent glass/glass modules for integration in facades, skylights, winter gardens, or courtyard roofing. In 2020, the government of Austria presented a program called EAG (Erneuerabre Ausbau Gesetz) or Renewable Expansion Act [3.3.1 Hard institutions]containing certain working points to be implemented by 2024. Some of the measures are directly or indirectly relevant to the BIPV development and installation. Such as the PV encapsulation films using interference pigment technology from Lenzing Plastics. This TIS assessed the BIPV market through eight functional areas and provided the following results: ⁃ The analysis of knowledge development showed that it can be classified as moderate. On the one hand, there are not enough training and further education opportunities in the field of BIPV available, but on the other hand, the PV manufacturers and research institutions are driving forward the development of knowledge in the field of BIPV. ⁃ Knowledge dissemination is well advanced internationally within the research community but insufficient at the practical, national level, particularly between the PV industry and the construction sector. Architects are demanding more information from PV manufacturers and suppliers, who share their information only irregularly with the architectural community. Usually, architects obtain this information from PV technology platforms through workshops, brochures, and projects. However, architects have to engage with it more extensively. The goal is to make BIPV more appealing to architects. Thus, we have to summarize that knowledge dissemination is inadequate/weak. ⁃ Entrepreneurial willingness to experiment can be classified as moderate. Overall, it can be said that there are four players in the Austrian BIPV market and a substantial number of newcomers and small innovative players who could take the role of innovation drivers. However, there are too few opportunities for highly specialized small companies. ⁃ Resource mobilization is well positioned financially and in terms of network services. However, and this is essential if we want to expand the BIPV market strongly, there is a lack of skilled personnel (human resources) to carry out the expansion, which is why this function is rated to only be moderate. ⁃ The scoring of social capital is weak. The connection where there is a lack of communication is between the (BI)PV planner and the architects. In most projects, the (BI)PV planner is not involved in the early stages of the building design process. In addition, conventional PV planners have no experience or are hesitant of planning BIPV systems. ⁃ The legitimacy is moderate, but as the acceptance of PV improves from year to year, the chance of better acceptance of PV integrated into the building, i.e., BIPV, also increases. However, there are still reservations and resistance towards individual, specific BIPV projects. This resistance could be reduced by increasing knowledge about the multifunctional possibilities of BIPV at the decision-maker and customer stage as well as by showing best practice examples - Guidance of the search is moderate, as there are no specific political targets for BIPV, but there are for PV. However, the government and relevant authorities aim to implement clean energy development positively and apply applicable policies and regulations. There is an increased subsidy for innovative PV solutions [2] which also includes BIPV. ⁃ It can be stated that the market formation of BIPV in Austria still offers room for improvement. When it comes to governmental-driven incentives and support for the BIPVmarket development, the missing technical standards (e.g., fire safety regulations) and the absence of regulatory obligations on renewable energies in the local building codes are the biggest weaknesses. The structural and functional analysis is followed by a coupled structural-functional analysis. This assessment will help identify weaknesses and strengths and recommend strategies that will enable the growth of BIPV from a niche market to a major market segment. The aim is for photovoltaics (PV) on buildings to be primarily designed as Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) to reduce additional costs. This, combined with the avoided costs for other components of the building, should result in cost parity with Building-Applied Photovoltaics (BAPV). It is also crucial to encourage all manufacturers of building envelope components to ensure that their products offer the dual benefit of serving as building components while also generating electricity. By doing so, such products can become standard in the industry. The transition from BAPV to BIPV was already analyzed in a 2015 BIPV brochure [2] from the Austrian Photovoltaics Technology Platform (TPPV), which discussed the advantages of an integrated solution versus an attached solution and outlined the necessary steps to make BIPV the standard for building PV. The recommendations are summarized as follows: i) It is important to involve (BI)PV in the early stages of the building planning process. ii) successful implementation projects must be made public through various channels to increase knowledge about BIPV technology and its possibilities (e.g., lighthouse projects in public buildings). iii) PV standards and construction codes have to be harmonized. iv) The Austrian government should stipulate the use of PV in the obligatory building specifications. v) Another recommendation would be to enact a law requiring every sealed area to be checked for dual use with (BI)PV. One positive development worth mentioning is the Climate Fund's Lighthouse call, which focuses specifically on integrated PV and offers higher grants for BIPV than the Renewable Expansion Act] , demonstrating increased interest and commitment to this technology. In addition, the TPPV Innovation Awards, which were awarded for the first time specifically for building-integrated PV and now include other topics of PV integration outside of buildings, are a sign that the industry is broadening its perspective and recognizing the importance of BIPV beyond traditional applications. These developments could help to further promote the acceptance and deployment of BIPV and drive innovation in this area. Nevertheless, it is important to consider the significantly higher costs of BIPV products, as well as the greatly increased planning effort that arises when PV becomes an integral building product.

Disharmonization in the Regulation of Transgenic Plants in Europe

Autonomous vehicles have the potential to change all aspects of mobility—from driver safety and insurance liability to car ownership and how Americans commute. It has the potential to disrupt both public and private transportation as we know it. As Google, Uber, the automobile industry, and other organizations continue to make rapid technological advances, it is vital that federal, state, and local governments establish policies, laws and regulations that account for these disruptions. Of utmost importance is finding a balance between guarding public safety while regulating insurance/liability and still encouraging investment in research and development of autonomous vehicles. Most research papers and news reports regarding autonomous vehicles focus on the technological advancement or implications for society (e.g., improved safety and greater mobility for the elderly and disabled people). Many articles cite the importance of government regulation; however, very few provide targeted guidance on how government agencies should respond. The intent of this paper is to outline the role of government in autonomous vehicles and present information local and regional governments need to inform planning and decision-making—both now and in the future.

PurposeThis study aims to measure the moderating effect of geographical and organizational proximity by focusing on readily available Chinese regional economic data over a five-year period.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used multilevel regression analysis to analyze the relationship.FindingsResults show that increasing government investment in research and development (R&D) can improve innovation performance during this period, organizational proximity and geographic proximity have a positive moderate effect on the relationship between R&D investment and Innovation performance.Originality/valueThis study enriches the existing theories on government innovation input and output from the perspective of regional differences and provides meaningful guidance for current Chinese regional innovation policies.

Eco-industrial park initiatives in the USA and the Netherlands: first lessons