Mercenaires serbes (seimeni) dans l'armée de Matei Basarab

<p class="ql-align-justify">Ottoman authorities became aware about the deficiencies of the Ottoman navy in the18th century. From then on, work was undertaken to modernize the navy in order to enable the Ottoman State to compete with Western powers in the seas. Experts were recruited to modernize the shipyards; new ships were constructed and purchased from Western countries. Efforts to modernize the Ottoman navy were not devoid of difficulties. The most important problem was the lack of personnel endowed with technical knowledge to build and use the modern ships. It was decided that mechanics and sailors should be trained in schools before being employed in the ships and shipyards. Thus, the School for Mechanics Apprentices (Makineci Çırak Okulu) and the School for Seamen Apprentices (Gemici Çırak Okulu) opened in 1914 and 1915 respectively. According to the regulations and ordinances of these naval vocational schools, the students would be trained both in the classroom and on board of ships. The present article aims to study the training of the mechanics apprentices and the seamen apprentices in the early 20th century Turkey.

ABSTRACTThe present article situates the systemic efforts to annihilate stray dogs within the wider picture of Ottoman modernizing reforms in the nineteenth century. The period under investigation witnessed an increasing desire on the part of the modern Ottoman state to control and reform disenfranchised human and animal groups, which were believed to jeopardize public order, security and hygiene. These groups – beggars, orphans and the unemployed – were identified as actors irreconcilable with the modern image that the reforming bureaucracy and modernizing elites sought to project. In the face of increasing challenges from European powers, they were the epitome of underdevelopment and backwardness. Ottoman elites and official authorities therefore proposed and implemented institutional measures in the form of forced labor, reformatories or deportation to reform the conditions of these groups, segregate them from the greater public and discipline them. In the modern period, along with the proposals that called for the removal of dogs, modernizing intellectuals and professionals proposed alternative plans to render non-human animals beneficial to human needs and the modern state's expectations.

Bu makale Selanik&amp;#039;in ikinci Hristiyan matbaacısı, Yunan eğitimi almış bir Slavofon olan Kiriakos Darzilovitis hakkındadır ve Kiriakos’un hayatındaki bazı önemli dönüm noktalarına temas etmektedir. Bu dönüm noktalarından ilki, şehrin Tanzimat meclisinde zararlı (fesat) kitaplar basmış olması nedeniyle yargılanması; bir diğeri ise, sahip olduğu kitapçı dükkânının bir kaç yıl sonra iki Ortodoks Metropolit ve yerel Osmanlı otoriteleri eliyle kapatılmasıdır. Bu makale bir Osmanlı tebaasının farklı dilsel, etnik kimlikler ve vatandaşlıklar ve de farklı yargı yetki alanları arasında kendine bilinçli bir biçimde nasıl manevra alanları yarattığının izlerini sürmeyi hedeflemektedir. Daha önemlisi, bu yazı Kiriakos&amp;#039;un kimlikler arasındaki bu yolculuğunun sınırları olduğunu, otoritelerin onun yüklenmek istedikleri kimliklerin gereklerini yerine getirmediği ölçüde cezalandırıcı bir rol üstlendiğini ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır.