Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Chronic Disease Risk in the Women’S Health Initiative: is Timing Everything?

Abstract

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent findings from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) hormone therapy (HT) trials and highlights the role of age and other clinical risk factors in risk stratification. We review the findings on cardiovascular disease, cancer outcomes, all-cause mortality, and other major endpoints in the two WHI HT trials (conjugated equine estrogens [CEEs, 0.625 mg/day] with or without medroxyprogesterone acetate [MPA, 2.5 mg/day]). The hazard ratio (HR) for coronary heart disease (CHD) was 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95 to 1.45) in the CEE+MPA trial and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.78 to 1.14) in the CEE-alone trial. In both HT trials, there was an increased risk of stroke and deep vein thrombosis and a lower risk of hip fractures and diabetes. The HT regimens had divergent effects on breast cancer. CEE+MPA increased breast cancer risk (cumulative HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.48), whereas CEE alone had a protective effect (cumulative HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.97). The absolute risks of HT were low in younger women (ages 50 to 59 years) and those who were within 10 years of menopause onset. Furthermore, for CHD, the risks were elevated for women with metabolic syndrome or high low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations but not in women without these risk factors. Factor V Leiden genotype was associated with elevated risk of venous thromboembolism on HT. HT has a complex pattern of benefits and risks. Women in early menopause have low absolute risks of chronic disease outcomes on HT. Use of HT for management of menopausal symptoms remains appropriate, and risk stratification will help to identify women in whom benefits would be expected to outweigh risks.