Memory, Archives and the Web

The critical role of social or collective memory in ongoing processes of societal reproduction and transformation is well acknowledged by anthropologists and is being increasingly modeled in archaeological interpretations as well. Investigating how social memory impacted the materialities and historical trajectories of the Maya civilization has great potential for advancing archaeological methodologies as well as enlarging our knowledge of the Maya. In addition to the wealth of epigraphic, ethnographic, and early historical information available for the Maya, archaeologists are examining enduring architecture, representative imagery, and even mundane artifacts that constitute a “technology of memory” for clues to the interplay of recollection and forgetting in the operation and transformation of Maya societies. This commentary reviews issues and problems in archaeological studies of social memory and addresses the specific prospects for investigating social memory among the pre-Hispanic Maya, drawing upon the analyses provided by the papers in this special section.

As digital media lead to a transformation of the experience of time and space, they evoke new questions for the field of both personal and collective memory and history. While the bonds that held groups together in pre-modern societies once guaranteed the sustainability of social memory, patterns of common belonging have changed in today’s computerized world. This chapter argues that digital communication technologies have given rise to new unique forms of collectivity through the opportunities they afford for bringing people together around the globe. Furthermore, digital media provide emplacement for collective and global memory. The chapter also raises the issue of whether digital records have the potential to oppose official historiographies with grassroots counterhistory.

BackgroundComprehensive data available in the Canadian province of Manitoba since 1970 have aided study of the interaction between population health, health care utilization, and structural features of the health care system. Given a complex linked database and many ongoing projects, better organization of available epidemiological, institutional, and technical information was needed.ObjectiveThe Manitoba Centre for Health Policy and Evaluation wished to develop a knowledge repository to handle data, document research methods, and facilitate both internal communication and collaboration with other sites.MethodsThis evolving knowledge repository consists of both public and internal (restricted access) pages on the World Wide Web (WWW). Information can be accessed using an indexed logical format or queried to allow entry at user-defined points. The main topics are: Concept Dictionary, Research Definitions, Meta-Index, and Glossary. The Concept Dictionary operationalizes concepts used in health research using administrative data, outlining the creation of complex variables. Research Definitions specify the codes for common surgical procedures, tests, and diagnoses. The Meta-Index organizes concepts and definitions according to the Medical Sub-Heading (MeSH) system developed by the National Library of Medicine. The Glossary facilitates navigation through the research terms and abbreviations in the knowledge repository. An Education Resources heading presents a web-based graduate course using substantial amounts of material in the Concept Dictionary, a lecture in the Epidemiology Supercourse, and material for Manitoba's Regional Health Authorities. Confidential information (including Data Dictionaries) is available on the Centre's internal website.ResultsUse of the public pages has increased dramatically since January 1998, with almost 6,000 page hits from 250 different hosts in May 1999. More recently, the number of page hits has averaged around 4,000 per month, while the number of unique hosts has climbed to around 400.ConclusionsThis knowledge repository promotes standardization and increases efficiency by placing concepts and associated programming in the Centre's collective memory. Collaboration and project management are facilitated.

The act of telling stories of the past is central to the experience of immigration and migration. Tales and recollections of the “homeland,” of what was lost and gained, of the trials and success of ancestors and relatives, of individual and collective hopes, dreams and accomplishments are, in part, inseparable from what it means to be an immigrant. Such stories are also articulated in ways beyond words through photographs, keepsakes, artifacts, diaries, home movies, web pages and a myriad of other forms of articulating the past, present and future. Indeed, as Anthony Giddens has noted, among others, life stories are integral to the formation of identity (Giddens 1991: 76). Yet despite the seemingly obvious nature of such observations, the interplay between storytelling conventions, migration, immigration, social and collective memory is increasingly complex. Central to such complexity are the dynamics of globalization, especially as fueled by the swiftly moving currents of media technology, with the Internet and other digital technologies acting as the prime movers of cultural and social memory.

기록물은 직간접적으로 기억과 관련되어 있다. 한 사회가 과거를 어떻게 기억하는지는 무엇이 기록관에 수집되고, 그것이 이용자들에게 어떻게 이해되고 이용되는지에 달려있다. 기억은 종종 현시점의 개인적, 사회적 관심에 의해 촉발된다. 따라서 기록물의 해석은 현재의 관심에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 이런 관점에서, 무엇이 이용자들로 하여금 기록물을 찾게 만들고 이용자들이 기록물을 어떻게 이용하는 지의 이용맥락을 안다면, 기록물/기록관이 사회의 기억에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 알 수 있을 것이다. 웹에서는 이용자들간, 이용자와 기록물/기록관 간의 관계를 쉽게 관찰할 수 있다. 기록관들은웹 2.0 기술 및 디지털 문화를 이용하여 이용자들이 기록물과 어떤 상호작용하는지, 기록에 어떤 기여를 하는지를 관찰함으로써, 사회의 기억을 위한 기록관으로 새로운 자리매김을 할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 기록학이라는 관점에서 기억에 관한 담론을 조명하고, 특히 웹 2.0이라는 새로운 환경에서 어떻게 기록관이 기억을 위한 발판이 될 수 있는지에 대해 논하였다. 이용자와 이용맥락에 중점을 두어 기록학문헌에 비추어진 집단 기억을 논하고, 집단기억이 기록물, 역사, 증거라는 담론과 어떻게 연결되어 설명되어왔는지를 개관하였다. 이러한 이론적 배경을 바탕으로, 웹 2.0 기술이 집단기억을 위해 어떤 기술적인 발판을 제공하는지를 고찰하였다. 또한, 기록물을 둘러싼 포괄적인 내러티브를 만들어가는데 이용자들이 웹 2.0 어플리케이션을 통해 어떻게 자신의 기억을 나누고 집단 기억을 만들어가는지에 관한 사례를 살펴보았다. Archives have directly and indirectly served for memory. What is collected in archives, how it is presented to users, and how users understand and use the documents affects how a given society remembers its past. Some archival scholars see that how users interpret documents from their perspectives and by social interests may play a central role in constructing social memory because memories are often triggered by individual and social concerns of the present time. Therefore, knowing what causes users to seek for a certain materials, how they use those materials and why can offer a clue to learn how archives serve for social memory. In the Web space, the interaction between users and archives/archival materials can be easily observed. Beyond making access simple for users and promoting archival documents using Web technology, archives can serve the broader purpose of memory by skillfully exploiting the characteristics of Web 2.0 and digital cultures in a way to observe how users engage in and contribute to archival contents available on the Web. This study examines the discourses on memory in the archival context, and in particular, how archives can serve as platforms for memory within the new environment of Web 2.0 technologies. It surveys discussions on memory in relation to archives, history, and evidence, focusing on the user and use context as it is represented in the archival literature. This paper discusses how that technology provides features that allow us to see collective memory being constructed in the archives, and presents examples of how the Web 2.0 technology can structure the way users share their memories in building a larger narrative around the archive.

Summary form only given. The family pictures and films constitute the very first audiovisual global fund. This heritage presents as many individual life traces as the essential component of a collective history. Digitization is widely used today by institutions, but also by private individuals. Together, it is possible to highlight these documents on the Internet and build the social and cultural history of a country, a region, a city, a community... That is the editorial project carried out by www.notrehistoire.ch, dedicated to the French-speaking Swiss audiovisual archives. The platform gathers and combines documents (pictures, films, sound recordings, stories) from family archives and institutional funds in a refined editing environment, supervised by a moderator. As a “work in progress”, these archives enrich interest groups related to personalities, places, events and daily life facts to create the French-speaking Swiss collective memory. The platform favors the sharing of knowledge, helps connecting generations, social categories, private individuals and institutions (libraries, museum, radio, television, etc.). www.notrehistoire.ch is also a social network that gives its members the opportunity to take part in a project of public interest. It is a unique platform in Switzerland. Free of charge, in the service of the community, it is edited by the Foundation for the Safeguarding of the Audiovisual Heritage of the Swiss Radio Television (Fondation pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine audiovisuel de la Radio Television Suisse, FONSART). In terms of statistics, since its creation on October 29, 2009 in French-speaking Switzerland (1.2 million inhabitants): 41'300 archived documents (39'000 pictures, 1'200 videos, 1'100 audios); 2'350 members, 17 institutions (Swiss Radio Television, RTS, ICRC archives, League of Nations archives, International Labor Office archives, etc.), 728 interest groups, 850'000 visitors from 160 countries (Switzerland, France, Belgium, Canada, United States...), 8'100'000 views. www.notrehistoire.ch offers a smartphone app (Iphone, Android) which uses geolocation to discover pictures and films from the place where they were made at the time. An Ipad app is currently being developed. By using web technologies and the main social networks, www.notrehistoire.ch shows that a simple tool and a coherent editorial project favors the conservation and use of audiovisual archives. The platform allows the public to become actors in the construction process of a collective memory, it supports the sense of belonging to a community and the sharing of knowledge. Moreover, this project documents the present and reflects on the evolution of our society through the valorization of singular histories. The project and activity of www.notrehistoire.ch face the challenges related to the Universal Declaration on Archives.

In this chapter, we analyze factors relevant for adopting multi-channel technologies in online auction markets. Its focus is on how multi-channel technologies, such as Web and Internet technologies, digital TV technologies, and wireless technologies, are used in online consumer auction markets. Using a conceptual framework that identifies four factors that could explain the adoption of multi-channel technologies, we analyze five Finnish consumer auction markets: Huuto.Net, Keltainen Pörssi, QXL Finland, Systeemi.Net, and Tori. Our analysis shows that the Internet and World Wide Web are the predominant—and, in most cases, the only—online channel available to the users. Furthermore, not even the Web technologies are used to their full potential. This chapter suggests that media richness and the ability to provide multiple modes of communication relationships stimulate the adoption of multi-channel technologies. Conclusions are presented and implications are drawn for future research.

The pillage and burning of Iraq’s National Library and its National Museum in the spring of 2003 sent cultural shock waves around the world. “Stuff happens,” Donald Rumsfeld, the U.S. Secretary for Defense, declared offhandedly, dismissing these events. 1 But such events, and the variety of responses that they evoke, raise a number of urgent historical questions to which the articles in this volume represent tentative answers. The collections and services of libraries and related agencies, such as museums and archives, are important components of social and institutional memory. They are both physical places of intellectual work and highly symbolic places. They represent national and cultural identity and aspirations. They are venues for individualized access to educational and cultural resources. They are also part of an infrastructural continuum for disseminating information, forming opinion, and providing literate recreation. At one end of the infrastructural continuum lie telecommunications, mass media, and more recently the Internet and the World Wide Web. Libraries have traditionally been situated at the other end of this continuum as places of access to the historical diversity of opinion represented in cumulating collections of printed materials, though in the digital era they are clearly moving to a more central position on this continuum. Libraries, Information Infrastructure, and Revolution Those who write (and those who read) the history of wars and revolutions have tended to focus their attention on creating (or consuming) inevitably dramatic narratives. An important aspect of these narratives is the causal framework of antecedent, contemporary, and subsequent political, economic, and social developments by means of which the narratives are given coherence and explanatory power. Each of the large categories that

Reviewed by: The grammar network: How linguistic structure is shaped by language useby Holger Diessel Natalia Levshina The grammar network: How linguistic structure is shaped by language use. By H olgerD iessel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xviii, 290. ISBN 9781108671040. $110 (Hb). The network is one of the key concepts that describe our life experience. We communicate via social networks and use the World Wide Web. The masses of big data we produce, consciously or not, are analyzed by neural network algorithms. It is not surprising that networks are a popular concept in linguistics as well. Well-known examples are the construction in construction grammar, radial polysemy networks in cognitive semantics, and semantic maps in typology. The grammar networkby Holger Diessel takes the network approach to a new level, integrating different strands of usage-based linguistics and discussing a multitude of different phenomena of grammar and lexicon, from lexical polysemy to word order, and from parts of speech to morphological productivity. The aim of his book is to elaborate on and integrate two main ideas of usage-based linguistics: first, all aspects of linguistic structure are emergent and fluid, being shaped by domain-general processes in language use; second, the grammatical system is organized as a network. The book consists of eleven chapters. The introductory chapter describes the aims of the book and summarizes the general principles of usage-based linguistics. It questions the usefulness of such distinctions as competence vs. performance, synchrony vs. diachrony, and words vs. rules. Usage-based linguistics sees grammar as an emergent system, which has evolved for the purposes of communication and processing on the basis of general cognitive principles. From this follows an important methodological conclusion: 'we cannot approach the study of grammar with a predefined set of primitive categories. On the contrary, what we need to explain is how linguistic categories evolve, stabilize and change' (6). In the first part of the book D introduces the basic assumptions and concepts, describing the architecture of the grammar network (Ch. 2) and the domain-general principles of language use (Ch. 3). The most important elements of a grammar network are signs (constructions and lexemes). The links (edges) in a network can be symbolic (connecting form and meaning), sequential (connecting elements in sequences, similar to syntagmatic relationships), and taxonomic (connecting patterns at different levels of abstraction). Analogous to activation strength in neural networks, the links have different weights, which depend on different factors, such as frequency of occurrence in linguistic input and output, conceptualization, and pragmatic inference. A grammar network is nested, which means that nodes of a network can themselves be analyzed as networks. Different from Goldberg's (1995) construction grammar, D makes a distinction between constructions and lexemes. Lexemes are monomorphemic words and other morphemes, which tap directly into world knowledge. In contrast, constructions are meaningful templates with slots for other linguistic expressions, which provide instructions for integration of lexical expressions into a coherent semantic representation. Based on this distinction, three further types of links are proposed: lexical (connecting lexemes with similar or contrastive forms and meanings), constructional (connecting constructions at the same level of abstraction), and filler-slot relationships (connecting particular lexemes or phrases with particular slots of constructional schemas). The grammar network is shaped by domain-general cognitive processes (Ch. 3). The most important ones are social cognition, conceptualization, and memory, which compete in determining linguistic decisions—that is, the choice between different ways of conveying one's communicative intention for the speaker and between different interpretations for the hearer. There is evidence, for instance, that 'speaker-oriented processes', such as memory retrieval, priming, and automatization, can dominate 'hearer-oriented processes' of common ground and audience design. The domain-general processes leave long-term effects on language structure in diachronic change, and on individual language development in ontogeny. At the same time, D emphasizes that L1 acquisition [End Page 825]and diachronic change differ substantially. In particular, children extract novel schemas from the input, while diachronic change involves the modification of already existing ones. In the second part of the book, D focuses on the interpretation of signs as networks, beginning with taxonomic links between representations at...

Riding the technology waves in search of electronic access: CD-ROM, gophers, the WWW and beyond: A viewpoint

Digital marketplaces are market institutions that employ digital information technology – computers, the Internet, and the World Wide Web – to provide trading services to buyers and sellers. We trace the development of agribusiness digital marketplaces on the World Wide Web and use observations taken from a sample of 233 agribusiness digital marketplaces to assess the impact of marketplace characteristics on market success. We measure success in terms of qualitative and quantitative indicators. Characteristics of marketplaces that could be expected to reduce transaction costs were identified. The impact of the selected characteristics on success was estimated using logistic and conventional linear regression analysis. Key success factors found are market liquidity, an international orientation, and concentration on providing exchange services as the core business of the DMP.

The Technological Gaze

The pandemic has paved the way for a paradigm shift in most education systems, with the accelerated adoption of digital technology. Online learning has gained increased importance due to the availability and accessibility of Internet or Web technologies. This format of learning has offered students the opportunity to participate in educational courses and programs from rural and remote places. The COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced the importance of technologies and virtual learning in education. Internet technologies have helped to support the educational process and have allowed for more productive and interactive learning. There are different opinions in the academic environment concerning online education. As for learners' opinion on distance learning and Internet technologies, they are represented quite weakly in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to present students' perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of using web technologies in distance learning during the pandemic year (by the example of Moscow State University of Food Production, Russia). In addition, it sheds light on students' habits of using Internet technologies and their digital preferences. The present study uses qualitative and quantitative research methods where the instrument is the questionnaire. In their questionnaires the students mentioned ten leading web technologies and two social networks. The collected data allow to divide the web technologies used in distance learning into three rating groups: the most popular, popular and less popular. The findings of the research could be used to explain and forecast the applying of web technologies for improving learning outcomes in higher education.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the problem of the production of historical knowledge in the digital age. The author believes that historical science, existing in the paradigm of «Digital Humanities», has acquired a new object of cognition – collective memory, abandoning the study of the past as a non-existent reality in favor of the study of ideas about it. In the multi-channel communication process, the formation of socio-epistemic arenas brings historical knowledge and historical memory together. Theoretical analysis. Socio-epistemic arenas are communication platforms for the production of historical knowledge developed by professional scientists, «smart crowds» and digital technologies in collective work formats. Participants in socio-epistemic arenas carry out distributed cognition, which is associated with the social context and collective memory, as it involves the inclusion of all previous experience of understanding historical reality in new interpretations of the past. Conclusion. The participation of the masses of Internet users in the study of History, who appropriate the results of collective research work, leads to the leveling of the boundaries between historical knowledge and historical memory. The principles of the rhetorical arenas of the communication space and civil science determine the structure of socio-epistemic arenas, the functioning of which is subordinated to the logic of the media.

The research deals with the concept of collective memory as one of the influential concepts produced in the process of architectural design, which is defined as the symbolic system and the creative process in the architectural product and linked to the identity needs of the individual and society, through its various media that represent the criteria for collective remembering of the student of architecture establishes the collective identity, through studying the architectural products For architecture students, we note the student’s poor knowledge of the concept of collective memory, and thus the research problem is the lack of knowledge in investing the collective memory of the student of architecture in architectural products, so the research aims to clarify the sources of knowledge of collective memory in architectural education and how to invest it by the student of architecture. By analysing the graduation projects of architecture students at Al-Mustansiriya University, the research concludes the weak sources of collective memory in architectural products and its strong focus on the physical aspects of historical structures as a source of collective memory because of the presence of this source in architectural approaches, especially in the lessons of the history of architecture in its various stages. The research recommends the introduction of educational programs for collective memory within the curricula of architectural education to increase the architectural knowledge of students in the field of collective memory and the revival of heritage and archaeology and benefit from them in developing cognitive and intellectual capabilities and creating a collective identity using virtual media and digital technologies.