Abstract
Soccer is the most popular sport in the world Over the last 20 years, there has been an explosion in women's soccer. Women make up 22% of the world's soccer players, and in the US, women represent 43% of all soccer players. This activity presents an aerobic impact which is not to be neglected (max O 2 between 47 and 56 mL/mm/kg), even though these results are lower than those found in male soccer players. The same types of traumatic soccer injuries are found between female and male players, but there are, however, notable differences. Ankle sprains are found with the same frequency in female and male soccer players. In contrast, knee injuries are found more often in female players, especially anterior cruciate ligament tears. The reasons for these differences are certainly multifactorial, although there is a clear relationship between soccer injuries and both the level of fitness (which is lower for females than for males) and the differences in the maximal hamstring torque and recruitment of that torque. In contrast, it does not appear that hyperlaxity, which is more common in females, is in itself a risk factor. Finally, as for female athletes who specialize in long distance running, one finds certain characteristics common to both groups, such as more frequent episodes of amenorrhoea, the loss of bone mineral density, and a higher risk of stress fractures. Furthermore, the risk of traumatic injury appears to increase during the premenstrual phase, although it appears to be lower in women using contraceptive pills. As for male soccer players however, there is a development of preventative programs that will allow a reduction in the number of traumatic muscle injuries. Le football est le sport le plus populaire au monde. Depuis les 20 dernières années, on assiste à une explosion du football féminin. Les femmes représentent 22 % des licenciés dans le monde, et jusqu'à 43 % aux États-Unis. Cette activité présente un impact aérobie non négligeable (O 2 max entre 47 et 56 mL/mm −1 /kg −1 ), même si les résultats sont inférieurs à ceux retrouvés pour les footballeurs masculins. Les traumatismes sont du même type, mais il existe toutefois des différences notables. Les entorses de cheville sont retrouvées avec la même fréquence chez les hommes et chez les femmes. En revanche, les entorses du genou sont plus souvent diagnostiquées chez les femmes avec une incidence plus forte des ruptures du ligament croisé antérieur. Les causes sont sans aucun doute multifactorielles, en rapport notamment avec le niveau de condition physique (plus faible chez les femmes), la différence de force et le mode de recrutement des ischiojambiers. Par contre, il ne semble pas que l'hyperlaxité plus fréquente chez les femmes soit en elle-même un facteur de risque. Enfin, comme pour les athlètes féminines Medical concerns and specificities in female soccer players 255 spécialistes de course de longue distance, on retrouve des particularités telles que les aménorrhées plus fréquentes, la perte de masse osseuse et le risque plus élevé de fracture de stress. Par ailleurs, le risque traumatique semble augmenter en phase prémenstruelle et prévenu par la prise de contraceptifs. Comme pour les footballeurs hommes, ce sont les programmes de prévention mis en place qui permettront de voir diminuer notablement les traumatismes articulaires et musculaires.
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