Abstract
Pomaces of sea buckthorn berry were usually side-products during the processing of juice. Due to a lack of an economical and effective extraction method, it was typically recognized as waste. For the purpose of resource utilization, the mechanochemical-assisted extraction (MCAE) method was applied to develop an ecofriendly extraction method and product with better pharmacology activity. The parameters were investigated through response surface methodology (RSM) design experiments. The processing conditions were optimized as follows: amount of Na2CO3 40%, ball-to-material rate 29:1 g/g, milling speed 410 rpm, milling time 24 min, extraction temperature 25 °C, extraction time 20 min and the solid-to-solution ratio 1:10 g/mL. Under these conditions, the yields of flavonoids from sea buckthorn pomaces were 26.82 ± 0.53 mg/g, which corresponds to an increase of 2 times in comparison with that extracted by the heat reflux extraction method. Meanwhile, the hepatoprotective activity of sea buckthorn pomaces extracts was studied by the liver injury induced by ip injection of tetracycline. Biochemical and histopathological studies showed that biomarkers in serum and liver of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mice were significantly ameliorated when sea buckthorn flavonoids extracted by MCAE were used. Altogether, these results demonstrate that, as a green and efficient extraction, MCAE treatment could increase the extraction yield of sea buckthorn flavonoids, meanwhile it could exhibit significant activity of improving liver function. This research provided a new way to use pomaces of sea buckthorn as a functional food. It also has great value on the comprehensive utilization of nature’s resources.
Highlights
Hippophaë rhamnoides L. is a thorny small tree that is widely distributed throughoutAsia and Europe
After mechanochemical-assisted extraction (MCAE) treatment, it can be dissolved in water quickly, extraction yield of flavonoids will be increased remarkably
Different alkaline agents were chosen as a solid reagent under the following MCAE conditions: ball-to-material ratio 30:1 g/g, milling speed 400 rpm, milling time 20 min, extraction time 25 min, extraction temperature 25 ◦ C and the ratio of solvent to solid 10:1 mL/g
Summary
The fruit of Hippophaë rhamnoides L., known as “Shaji” (sea buckthorn), is a common eatable berry with great ecology and economic value around the world. After producing juice, a large number of pomaces contained high levels of total flavonoids and were discarded as waste or utilized rather inefficiently [2,3]. Previous research found that the peels, pulp and seeds of sea buckthorn contained different metabolites [4,5,6]. The whole berry and pulp extracts exhibited high flavonoid, carotenoid and polyphenol contents, whereas the seed portion expressed high tocopherol/tocotrienol and phytosterol concentrations [4]. The study found that the peels and seed contained
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