Abstract
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) possess self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and immunomodulatory properties. They play a crucial role in maintaining periodontal homeostasis and also participated in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Various studies have applied controlled mechanical stimulation to PDLSCs and investigated the effects of orthodontic force on PDLSCs. Physical stimuli can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of PDLSCs. During the past decade, a variety of studies has demonstrated that applied forces can activate different signaling pathways in PDLSCs, including MAPK, TGF-β/Smad, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Besides, recent advances have highlighted the critical role of orthodontic force in PDLSC fate through mediators, such as IL-11, CTHRC1, miR-21, and H2S. This perspective review critically discusses the PDLSC fate to physical force in vitro and orthodontic force in vivo, as well as the underlying molecular mechanism involved in OTM.
Highlights
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is induced by mechanical forces and is promoted by the remodeling of periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone
In order to find out the role of Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) in OTM, we expound the response of PDLSCs to orthodontic force in vivo and mechanical force in vitro and summarized the critical related mechanosensors and mechanism pathways
They found that after 3 days of orthodontic treatment, the number of PDGFRα or nestin-positive cells increased on both of the compression and of the tension sides and dropped after 7 days, suggesting that rat PDLSCs (rPDLSCs) may be reactivated on both sides during orthodontic force treatment
Summary
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is induced by mechanical forces and is promoted by the remodeling of periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone. Having immunomodulatory function and potential for proliferation and generation of cementum/periodontal ligament-like complex [3, 4], PDLSCs play important roles in periodontal homeostasis They are likely sensitive to mechanical loading and play critical roles in periodontal and osseous remodeling during OTM. Recent advances have clarified that the applied mechanical force, including tension, compression, and vibration, can significantly regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cultured PDLSCs. The data is summarized in Table 1 to compare expediently the response of PDLSCs to different mechanical force and summarize the effect that the duration, frequency, and magnitude have on cellular fate, which may help in understanding why low force is critical in achieving physical bone remodeling in orthodontic. In order to find out the role of PDLSCs in OTM, we expound the response of PDLSCs to orthodontic force in vivo and mechanical force in vitro and summarized the critical related mechanosensors and mechanism pathways
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