Mechanistic investigation of the enhanced catalytic activity of B. sub lipase A mutant I157V and its application in biodiesel production.

The phrase “Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil” refers to a broad wide range of unconventional fuels generated from different kinds of oils and fats. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) defines biodiesel as “monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids,” which can be produced by the transesterification of vegetable oil, animal fat, or recycled cooking oil. The key factor leading to fossil fuel reserves being depleted is the increasing demand for these resources. Increasing the development of biomass fuels like biodiesel might help get us out of this jam. Oil molecules are reacted with alcohol and a catalyst to produce methyl esters in the transesterification process during biodiesel production from cooking oil. In Colombia, palm oil and methanol are used to produce biodiesel and it shares the second place with Colombia as Latin America's top ethanol producer. <br><br>Waste cooking oil disposal causes several environmental issues. In addition, sewer overflows and the subsequent spread of illness might be the consequence of years of pipe wear and tear. As a renewable and biodegradable biofuel, biodiesel has the potential to reduce environmental damage by displacing the need for fossil fuels. Palm biodiesel, either on its own or blended with diesel fuel, is effective in lowering carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, respectively. <br><br>This chapter discusses the transesterification process as a method of creating biodiesel. It consists of three sequential and reversible reactions. It begins with a conversion from triglyceride to diacylglycerol, then continues to monoglyceride and glycerin. In particular, this chapter provides an in-depth analysis of several cooking oils, including their salient qualities and the most common pests. Most biodiesel originates from oilseed plants, such as palm, rapeseed, canola, sunflower, soy, and animal fats. The creation of biodiesel, however, may utilize anything that includes triglycerides. Used oil from the kitchen may be recycled into biodiesel at a low cost.<br>

Immobilized biocatalyst engineering: Biocatalytic tool to obtain attractive enzymes for industry

Investigation of CaO nanocatalyst synthesized from Acalypha indica leaves and its application in biodiesel production using waste cooking oil

Efficient biodiesel production from recycled cooking oil using a NaOH/CoFe2O4 magnetic nano-catalyst: synthesis, characterization, and process enhancement for sustainability

Transesterification of waste (used) cooking oil presents an economic and environmental friendly means of producing biodiesel. In Africa and Nigeria in particular, the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil will also serve to eliminate or at least reduce a looming potential health risk associated with the consumption of over used cooking oil among the populace particularly those working in hotels, restaurants, eateries, etc and their families. Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel produced from a catalyzed reaction of the triglycerides in the oil or fat with a simple monohydric alcohol (methanol). The thrust of this work is the design and building of a compact table-top chemical reactor for carrying out trans-esterification of used cooking oil for the production of biodiesel. We first designed a special filter used to filter the used vegetable oil. The filter was made of activated carbon felt material, having an equivalent surface area of 1300m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /g. Subsequently, we developed a process to produce biodiesel from a compact chemical reactor plant with a control system using temperature sensors and an adjustable speed electric drive. Detailed operating conditions and equipment design for the process were obtained and analysis of the characteristic properties of our product was carried out to evaluate the technical and economic benefits, including environmental effects. Our analysis showed that the biodiesel we produced using waste cooking oil (used vegetable oil) met with international standards such as ASTM D 6751-07b. The cost of our pilot-scale produced biodiesel was $0.52/litre, which is about half the price of petroleum diesel in the Nigerian market. Thus, biodiesel from waste cooking oil proved to be technically and economically feasible and can be a competitive alternative to the highly priced petroleum diesel.

A novel and robust recombinant Pichia pastoris yeast whole cell biocatalyst with intracellular overexpression of a Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase: Preparation, characterization and application in biodiesel production

Designing surface exposed sites on Bacillus subtilis lipase A for spin-labeling and hydration studies

In indonesia, a substantial waste cooking oil from households is being disposed to drainage and soil, according to the recent survey conducted in bogor, causing environmental damages of water and soil pollutions, as well as increase in ghg emission. in urban areas of Japan, waste cooking oil is mostly being solidified and disposed as incinerating waste, whereas in local areas, it is being disposed into drainage and causing sewage system deterioration. The waste cooking oil recycling programs conducted by Bogor and Niigata cities were reviewed highlighting environmental and economical issues. Similarities were found, in total waste cooking oil amounts collected, and the 60% ratio of total recycled bio diesel fuel for their vehicle operations. Life cycle impacts in GHG emission of cooking oil were estimated using operationaldata of a factory as well as reported data of LCA studies. The environmental advantage of the waste cooking oil recycling, compared with the drainage and soil disposals as well as the complete use, did not necessarily encourage the recycling activities, due to economical and technical constraints, the latter case in the Bogor City seems to be easily overcome, than the issues of high labour costs in Japan. Keywords-GHG emission; waste cooking oil; recycled energy; bio diesel fuel; life cycle impacts; LCA. I. REVIEW OF CURRENT WASTE COOKING OIL DISPOSALS AND RECYCLING Comparison of current waste cooking oil disposals and recycling between Indonesia and Japan in social, environmental issues and legislation were made as in Table 1. In Indonesia, most of households’ waste cooking oil (hereafter WCO) is being disposed to either drainage or soil (being reported in Chapter 3), causing substantial drainage and edaphic pollution, where the sewage system has not been established in the nation, as well as high quantity GHG emission from the disposals to the environments. The latter is the environmental impact at the last life cycle of cooking oil, whereas the nation is the third largest GHG emission country in the world, the most of GHG emissions are derived from deforestation and land use changes, which is closely related to farming activities of palm oil production [1]. It is cited that in Indonesia, most of small business WCO, from such cassava chips, fish crackers and deep fried Tofu manufacturers, is being sold to street food shops and snack vendors for the complete use, causing concern over human health risks (citation made by BPLH, Kota Bogor). In Japan, most of residents in urban cities are solidifying WCO and disposing as incinerating waste, wasting valuable recyclable energy source. In local areas, the disposal of WCO to drainage is commonly practiced casing deterioration in sewage system, as shown in Table 1. It is commonly understood that WCO recycling is a good practice to the environment but not economically matched, due to the high labour costs for collection, transportation and recycling processes in Japan. There are two national and corresponding regional acts in Japan, related to waste disposals. The Water Pollution Prevention Act guides adequate waste of cooking trash and waste cooking oil, as well as right use of detergents to preserve the public water sources, without any specific penalty. On the other hand, the Waste Management Act actively prohibits disposal of waste including waste oil, without good management and control, with severe penalties of less than five year imprisonment or 10,000,000 JPY fine, when the Act is broken. The latter one is especially effective to prevent industrial waste disposals, and the governance of industrial companies in waste management is at high in the nation. II. PUBLIC WCO RECYCLING BUSINESSES IN BOGOR

Biodiesel derived from Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) is considered highly environmentally sustainable since WCO is a waste product from domestic and commercial cooking processes and then recycled to a transportation fuel in Singapore. In addition, it avoids the conversion of land use for crop production. This is a strong advantage for Singapore which has relatively smaller land space than other countries. The import of virgin oil as feedstock into Singapore is also avoided. Therefore, the more appropriate feedstock to produce biodiesel in Singapore context is WCO. According to the National Environment Agency, diesel vehicles in Singapore contribute 50% of the total particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM0.25) emissions to air ambient. Hence, the aim of this life cycle assessment study was to compare the environmental performances of biodiesel derived from WCO and low sulphur diesel in terms of global warming potential, life cycle energy efficiency (LCEE) and fossil energy ratio (FER) using the life cycle inventory. The results of this study would serve as a reference for energy policy makers and environmental agencies. ISO14040 and ISO14044 (ISO14040 2006; ISO 14044 2006) are used as the method for implementing this study. This comparative study between biodiesel derived from WCO and low sulphur diesel is done by comparing the life cycle inventory results. The tailpipe emission tests were done using a gas analyser. Biodiesel production data are collected from a local facility. The production of main ingredients, types of transportation, conversion of WCO to biodiesel and the usage of biodiesel were considered within the dataset. Production of low sulphur diesel was modelled according to several references. The phases include foreign crude oil production, refining, transporting of diesel to station and finally the usage of diesel. The testing vehicle for both transportation fuels is an ISUZU pickup truck with engine capacity of 3,059 cc and in direct injection combustion chamber type. The functional unit in this study is output of 1 transportation-km. In this section, two types of emissions are discussed. First is the net life cycle emission. The second is the exhaust tailpipe emissions. Highest amount of reduction on a life cycle basis is PM2.5 and PM10 with a significant reduction of 99.99%. On the exhaust tailpipe emission basis, the reduction for total particulate matter is 94.80%. The LCEE of biodiesel produced from WCO is calculated as 86.93%. This is higher than biodiesel reported from US studies (using soybean as feedstock) which is 80.55%. The low LCEE value of 71.09% for low sulphur diesel could be attributed by the fact that Singapore depends greatly on foreign crude oil production and imports. The FER is calculated to be 9.39. The life cycle of biodiesel produced from the recycling of WCO produces more than nine times as much energy in its final fuel product as it uses in fossil energy. This is three times higher than biodiesel derived from soya oil in the USA. The emission results and the life cycle energy efficiencies have indicated that the replacement of low sulphur diesel with biodiesel derived from WCO as a transportation fuel is favourable. In Singapore, the potential substitution percentage of diesel by biodiesel if all of the WCO can be collected and processed to biodiesel is 1.42%. There is a need for recyclers to convince the food establishments and users of cooking oil of the benefits of recycling cooking oil, which in turn obtains a steady source of WCO as feedstock for biodiesel production. In addition, as the biodiesel life cycle defined is very much dependent on WCO as a feedstock, it is recommended to optimise the WCO collection network.

Production and optimization of biodiesel from composite Pongamia oil, animal fat oil and waste cooking oil using RSM

We investigated the mechanisms of polymer-lipase interactions that govern the catalytic activity of lipases in the presence of polymers. Using a combination of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), activity analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and computational surface analysis, three model lipases—Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL), Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB), and Bacillus subtilis lipase A (BSLA), with different degrees of hydrophobic active site exposure were studied. Low-molecular-weight poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), synthesized via ARGET ATRP, was employed to study the effect of unstructured polymers in dispersed solution on lipase activity. PMMA significantly enhanced TLL and BSLA hydrolytic activity, while no CalB activation was observed. FCS analysis indicated that this activation was facilitated by polymer lipase binding, a phenomenon observed with TLL and BSLA but not with CalB. Computational analysis further revealed that the surface properties of the lipases were critical for the lipases’ susceptibility to activation by PMMA. Although CalB exhibited the largest total hydrophobic surface area, its homogeneous distribution prevented activation, whereas strong, localized hydrophobic interactions allowed PMMA to bind and activate TLL and BSLA. Supported by the quantitative correlation between elevated 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescence in the presence of PMMA and lipase activity, the activation was attributed to locally increased hydrophobicity of the lipases upon polymer binding. These findings provide critical insights into the role of polymer interactions in lipase activation and stabilization, highlighting the potential for designing tailored polymer carriers to optimize enzyme performance in industrial and biotechnological applications.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12010-025-05217-0.

Waste cooking oil is used oil that has been used for domestic purposes and has undergone changes, both physically and chemically. One effort that can be done to reduce the adverse effects of used cooking oil is changed the material used cooking oil into biodiesel. In this study of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil is done by using biodiesel transesterification reaction as generally through a pretreatment in order to reduce the number of Free Fatty Acid in cooking oil. The high number of Free Fatty Acid will complicate the separation of glycerol from biodiesel so that production of biodiesel will be slight. Test parameters of biodiesel quality produced by transesterification process refers to the Indonesian biodiesel quality standard ISO 7182: 2015. The production of biodiesel from used cooking oil in this experiment using variations methanol and sodium hydroxide solution ratio to the used cooking oil is 1: 2; 1: 4 and 1: 8. Test results showed that the quality of biodiesel is in compliance with ISO 7182: 2015 on the parameters of viscosity, density and flame test. While the Free Fatty Acids remained above the quality standard ISO 7182: 2015.Keywords : Waste cooking oil, Transesterification, Biodiesel

This research article is mainly focused on the production of biodiesel from the waste chicken fats/oils, and waste cooking oil (WCO). The purified chicken fats/oils and waste cooking oils were subjected to transesterification under acidic and basic conditions using methanol and ethanol. The biodiesel was purified by column chromatography (CC) and characterized by different parameters that meet the specifications of American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM). The significant yields of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) were obtained from all samples. The yields of the oily content and biodiesel from different samples showed that chicken fats/oil and waste cooking oil are commercially more important.

Biodiesel (BD) production from bio-oil in the agriculture-based economy could minimise the energy dependency on fossil diesel (FD). Viscous properties and lower calorific value of BD restrict their direct application in the DE. These properties of BD can be enhanced by using advanced material (catalyst, adhesive etc) along with by modifying BD preparation processes. The present work deals with the synthesis and characterisation of nanocatalyst (TiO2-ZnO) and their application in BD production from waste cooking oil (WCO) via the transesterification process. Catalyst TiO2-ZnO was characterised by XRD, SEM and FTIR analysis. Catalyst TiO2-ZnO in a 4:1 mass ratio indicates the maximum BD yield. Maximum BD yield of 88% was noticed for molar methanol/WCO ratio – 1:1; catalyst dose – 2.5 g/l; reaction time – 120 min at reaction temperature -65°C respectively. The prepared BD was characterised by FTIR, GCMS, and HNMR analysis and compared their result with fossil diesel. Engine performance confirms that the 20% BD containing BM increases BSFC and EGT by 40 and 8.33% and decreases BTE by 14.26% in comparison with FD. But HC and CO emissions decreased by 50.27 and 57.44% respectively. While CO2 and O2 emissions are increased by 2.65 and 4.76% respectively. Highlights A maximum yield of 88% with TiO2-ZnO (4:1) mass ratio was obtained. BSFC and EGT increased by 40 and 8.33%. HC and CO emissions decreased by 50.27% and 57.44%.

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil for use as fuel in artisanal fishing boats: Integrating environmental, economic and social aspects