Mechanistic insights into cardiovascular toxicity induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) as an example.

The present study has been undertaken to examine whether exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound, influences the metabolism of fluoranthene (FLA), another PAH compound. Microsomes were isolated from the adipose tissue of mice that received 50 μg/kg BaP and incubated with FLA (3 µM) alone; FLA in combination with BaP at equimolar concentrations, and a control group that received nothing. Post-incubation, samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and analyzed for FLA metabolites by reverse-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. The rate of FLA metabolism (pmol of metabolite/min/mg protein) was increased when microsomes from BaP-treated mice were exposed to FLA alone and FLA in combination with BaP, compared to controls. On the other hand, the difference in FLA metabolic rate between microsomes that were exposed to FLA + BaP was higher than the ones that received FLA. The microsomes from BaP-pre-treated mice produced a considerably higher proportion of FLA 2, 3-diol, and 2, 3 D FLA when microsomes were incubated with FLA. There were no differences in the FLA metabolite types formed when BaP-pre-treated mice were co-incubated with BaP and FLA than with FLA alone. The enhanced biotransformation of FLA as a result of prior and concomitant exposure to BaP may have implications for assessment of risks arising from human exposure to PAH mixtures.

More than 90% of lung cancers are caused by cigarette smoke and air pollution, with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as key carcinogens. In Xuanwei City of Yunnan Province, the lung cancer incidence is among the highest in China, attributed to smoky coal combustion-generated PAH pollution. Here, we screened for abnormal inflammatory factors in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) from Xuanwei and control regions (CR) where smoky coal was not used, and found that a chemokine CXCL13 was overexpressed in 63/70 (90%) of Xuanwei NSCLCs and 44/71 (62%) of smoker and 27/60 (45%) of non-smoker CR patients. CXCL13 overexpression was associated with the region Xuanwei and cigarette smoke. The key carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induced CXCL13 production in lung epithelial cells and in mice prior to development of detectable lung cancer. Deficiency in Cxcl13 or its receptor, Cxcr5, significantly attenuated BaP-induced lung cancer in mice, demonstrating CXCL13’s critical role in PAH-induced lung carcinogenesis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09419.001

Research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah)s compound at Jakarta Bay seawater were carried out on July 2011. The objectives of this research were to measure the concentration of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) compound, concentration of individual PAH compound, and to identify sources of PAH compound in seawater. PAH compound concentration was measured by Gas Chromatography (Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector) and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons compound were identified by diagnostic ratio analysis. The results show that the concentration of PAH compound in the middle of Jakarta Bay was higher compared to the west and the east. In the west and middle of Jakarta Bay, it is found that 11 PAH types, and 10 types in the east. Individual PAH compound dominated by high moleculer weight of PAH Benzo(a)Anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo(b)Fluoranthene, Benzo(a)Pyrene, dan Indeno(123-cd) Pyrene. The results of PAH compound ratio individual analysis showed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons compound at Jakarta Bay seawater came from oil spill and incomplete combustion mixture of organic material such as wood, grass, fuel oil, and fuel industry combustion activity.

Direct LD-FTMS detection of mineral-associated PAHs and their influence on the detection of co-existing amino acids

Comparison of immunoassay and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated soil

Airborne particulate samples were collected from three main squares (Ramsis, El Giza, and Sphinx) representing heavy traffic areas in Greater Cairo during the period of December 2015–February 2016, and analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs). The maximum concentrations of particle-bound PAHs were observed at El Giza, while the minimum levels were recorded at Sphinx. The levels of particle-bound PAHs in the square areas of Greater Cairo are higher than those found in many different locations in Egypt and around the world.The distribution of individual particle-bound PAHs as well as PAH categories, depending on the ring number in Ramsis, El Giza, and Sphinx, wasquite similar. This similarity implies similar emission sources of PAHs in the three square areas, with vehicle exhaust emissions being the dominant one. Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[ghi]perylene (BGP), and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene(IND) were the most abundant PAH compounds. Diagnostic concentration ratios of PAH compounds in the three square locations suggest that both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources emit these compounds. Moreover, they originate mainly from traffic emissions in the study areas. Based on the calculated benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) for the individual particle-bound PAH compounds, health risks associated with the inhalation of these compounds were assessed. Total carcinogenic activity (TCA) for all measured PAHs represented 20.03% (El Giza), 20.40% (Ramsis), and 20.60% (Sphinx) of the total PAH concentrations. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA) were the highest contributors to the total health risks; these accounted for 42.72% and 38.50% (El Giza), 41.79% and 39.17% (Ramsis), and 42.92% and 37.78% (Sphinx) of the TCA of all PAH compounds, respectively. These results indicate the importance of BaP and DBA as surrogate compounds for PAHs in the atmosphere of square areas of Greater Cairo.

to investigate the potential for false-positive identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in blubber sampled from marine mammals. Such samples can contain total concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the mg/kg range that could potentially interfere with measurement and identification of PAHs. The major goals for this study were to (1) determine if laboratories can quantify PAHs amended to blubber samples containing typical POP levels, and (2) determine if false-positive detections of PAHs commonly occur in such samples. Five participating laboratories were each provided with five samples to measure PAHs according to their standard protocols. Samples represented PAHamended and unamended extracts from high and low POP marine mammal blubber, respectively, and a solution containing only PAH compounds. Results from this study indicate (1) PAHs were able to be differentiated from POPs co-occurring in the sample, and (2) false-positive detections for PAHs were rare and at or near the reporting limit.

Color encoded microbeads-based flow cytometric immunoassay for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dustfall in Tianjin, China

According to the global climate change, the increase in population number, industrialization, and the increase of contaminants that are released into the environment has put pressure on our planet and increased the threat to public health. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a class of harmful compounds that are resistant to natural biological, chemical, and photolytic decomposition. POPs contain many groups of pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this chapter our discussion will be focused on 16 PAH compounds that were classified as a priority pollutant by USEPA, we tracked their life cycle from cradle to grave and we mentioned their toxicity and negative impacts on the environment. The PAHs could be formed through the combustion process in the presence of acetylene/vinyl acetylene or their derivatives and benzene ring. Most PAHs that are released into the environment come from incomplete combustion from anthropogenic sources. Based on the published literature, PAH compounds have been traced in various mediums, for example, soil, sediments, rivers, seas, lakes, food. Finally, we mentioned the bioremediation techniques that are used to eliminate PAHs by using different biological agents and different mediums. This chapter provides useful information for those who want to dig deeper into PAH compounds.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as determinants of various anthropometric measures of birth outcome

Surface sediment samples were collected from intertidal zone of Asaluyeh, Persian Gulf, to investigate distribution, sources and health risk of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Total PAH concentrations ranged from 1.8 to 81.2μgkg-1 dry weight, which can be categorized as low level of pollution. Qualitative and quantitative assessments showed that PAHs originated from both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources with slight pyrogenic dominance. Source apportionment using principal component analysis indicated that the main sources of PAHs were fossil fuel combustion (33.59%), traffic-related PAHs (32.77%), biomass and coal combustion (18.54%) and petrogenic PAHs (9.31%). According to the results from the sediment quality guidelines, mean effects range-median quotient (M-ERM-Q) and benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalents (BaPeq), low negative ecological risks related to PAH compounds would occur in the intertidal zone of Asaluyeh. The total benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) toxic equivalent quotient (TEQcarc) for carcinogenic compounds ranged from 0.01 to 7μgkg-1-BaPeq, indicating low carcinogenic risk. The human health risk assessment of PAH compounds via ingestion and dermal pathways suggests low and moderate potential risk to human health, respectively.

Content and Bioaccessibility Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Aquatic Products: Effects of Cooking Methods on PAHs.

Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum waxes and white mineral oils with appraisal of merits of different methods of analysis

Transformation kinetics, corrected for abiotic loss and for volatilization, of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were studied in two nonacclimated soils. Mean volatilization losses for naphthalene and 1‐methylnaphthalene were measured as 31% and 22%, respectively, of the total masses applied. Volatilization of the other twelve PAH compounds studied was less than 0.1%. The abiotic loss (1.8‐17.4%) of two‐ and three‐ring PAH compounds in soil samples bio‐inhibited by 2% HgCl2" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">HgCl2HgCl2 was statistically significant (p<0.05)." role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">(��<0.05).(p<0.05). No significant loss from bio‐inhibited soil was found for PAH compounds with more than three rings. Transformation half‐lives corrected for volatilization and for abiotic loss were approximately 2 days for two‐ring PAHs including naphthalene and 1‐methylnaphthalene. Half‐lives values for nonvolatile PAHs increased from 59 days for three‐ring PAHs (anthracene and phenantherene) to more than 300 days for PAH compounds containing more than three rings. The PAH transformation rate was inversely proportional to molecular weight and compound ring number.