Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles formed by various donor cells that regulate gene expression and cellular function in recipient cells. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exos) perform the regulatory function of stem cells by transporting proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is one of the main causes of low back pain, and it is characterized by a decreased number of nucleus pulposus cells, extracellular matrix decomposition, aging of the annulus fibrosus, and cartilage endplate calcification. Besides, nutrient transport and structural repair of intervertebral discs depend on bone and cartilage and are closely related to the state of the bone. Trauma, disease and aging can all cause bone injury. However, there is a lack of effective drugs against IDD and bone injury. Recent MSC-Exos fine tuning has led to significant progress in the IDD treatment and bone repair and regeneration. In this review, we looked at the uniqueness of MSC-Exos, and the potential treatment mechanisms of MSC-Exos with respect to IDD, bone defects and injuries.
Highlights
Exosomes are bilayered extracellular functional vesicles released by different cells with a diameter ranging between 40–120 nm (Simons and Raposo, 2009)
We looked at the relationships between MSC-Exos and Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), MSC-Exos and bone repair and regeneration, and further discussed the mechanism of action of MSC-Exos on the treatment of IDD and promoting bone repair and regeneration
Exosomes are widely viewed as effective therapeutic components derived from MSCs, and the secretion of exosomes is an important way for MSCs to promote the repair of surrounding tissue injuries
Summary
Exosomes are bilayered extracellular functional vesicles released by different cells with a diameter ranging between 40–120 nm (Simons and Raposo, 2009). Endosomes containing intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are formed preliminarily, and large mature multivesicular bodies (MVBs) within the cell release ILVs into the extracellular space to form exosomes (Zhang et al, 2019) (Figure 1). Exosomes carry out their functions by fusing with cell membranes or binding membrane proteins of the recipient cells. Exosomes secreted by MSCs from bone marrow, adipose, umbilical cord can all promote tissue regeneration and repair (Zhou et al, 2019; Li et al, 2020a; Zhang et al, 2021c). We looked at the relationships between MSC-Exos and IDD, MSC-Exos and bone repair and regeneration, and further discussed the mechanism of action of MSC-Exos on the treatment of IDD and promoting bone repair and regeneration
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