Mechanical properties of spinal nerve roots subjected to tension at different strain rates

Abstract

An understanding of the biomechanical and physiological properties of spinal nerve roots, particularly in response to tension, is critical in understanding the pathomechanisms of pain and nerve root injury and subsequent management of related injuries. Biomechanical properties of dorsal nerve roots at the lumbar and sacral levels were evaluated at various strain rates. Nerve roots were stretched at two different rates, 0.01 mm/s (Group A, quasistatic) and 15 mm/s (Group B, dynamic). Load, displacement and digital video data were obtained as the nerve roots were stretched until failure. Maximum stress, strain at maximum stress and modulus of elasticity ( E ) were calculated from the load–displacement measurements. Comparison of mechanical properties and failure patterns of nerve roots at two different rates revealed significant differences. Maximum load, maximum stress and E values of 5.7±2.7 gm, 257.9±111.3 kPa and 1.3±0.8 MPa were observed for Group A and 13.9±7.5 gm, 624.9±306.8 kPa and 2.9±1.5 MPa were observed for Group B, respectively. Higher maximum load, maximum stress and E values occurred at the dynamic stretch rate as compared to the quasistatic stretch rate, illustrating the strain-rate dependency of spinal nerve roots. No differences were observed in the strain values. Differences in mechanical behavior of nerve roots were also observed among the four root levels (L4–S1). A significant interaction effect was observed between nerve root diameter and stretch rates. Overall, results from the present study demonstrate viscoelastic material properties of spinal nerve roots and provide better insight on the tensile properties of nerve roots at different strain rates.