Mechanical Instabilities: From Failure Mechanism to Functionality

With the background of increasing requirements on the petroleum engineering technology from more high demanding exploration targets, global oil companies and oil service companies are making more efforts on both R&D and application of new petroleum engineering technology. Advanced materials always have a decisive role in the functionality of a new product. Technology transplantation has become the important means of innovation in oil and gas industry. Here, we mainly discuss the properties and scope of application of several advanced materials. Based on the material requirements in petroleum engineering, we provide several candidates for downhole electronics protection, drilling fluid additives, downhole tools, etc. Based on the analysis of petroleum engineering technology characteristics, this paper made analysis and research on such advanced materials as new insulation materials, functional gradient materials, self-healing polymers, and introduced their application prospect in petroleum engineering in terms of specific characteristics.

The book provided a comprehensive overview of the current progress in the development of advanced materials used in wastewater treatment and desalination. It consists of 13 chapters, covering both the fundamentals and applications of advanced materials for the abovementioned application. Six chapters in this book discussed the direct application of advanced materials in wastewater treatment which is working based on adsorption or photocatalytic degradation. Meanwhile, seven chapters in this book revealed the roles of advanced materials in developing membranes for wastewater treatment, desalination and pervaporation. The advanced materials could be incorporated into a polymeric matrix to form mixed matrix membranes or nanohybrid membranes. Meanwhile, the development of inorganic membranes using silica and its derivatives for treating wetland saline water is discussed. Worth mentioning the recently advanced 2D-quasi nanomembranes made from various carbonaceous nanomaterials were highlighted in this book. Overall, this book is divided into two major sections. The first section covers the fundamental of synthesis, modification and characterization of advanced materials, specifically, metal oxide, carbon-based materials, perovskite-based materials, polymer-based composite materials, and advanced nanocomposites. The working principles of these advanced materials in wastewater treatment are elucidated. In the latter section, potential applications of the developed advanced materials in the removal of organic contaminants, discolouration of dye wastewater and agricultural wastewater reclamation are highlighted. Chapter 1 provided an overview of the development of g-C3N4 as a visible light-sensitive photocatalyst. It covers the synthesis approaches, working mechanism and application of this carbon-based materials in photocatalytic degradation to remove various types of pollutants. Chapter 2 discussed the synthesis and modification of metal-organic frameworks (MOF) in various forms of structure. It provided an overview of the functionalization of MOF with amine (-NH2) and hydroxyl (-OH) to improve the selectivity of adsorption towards dyes, heavy metals, and porous coordination polymers (PPCPs). Chapter 3 addressed the utilization of metal oxides such as titanium oxide (TiO), copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron oxide as photocatalytic and adsorptive materials. The mechanism of adsorptive removal and photocatalytic degradation is illustrated. Chapter 4 highlighted the recent advances and future outlooks of 2D-quasi nanomembrane. Several materials are deployed for the fabrication of membranes, for instance, graphene-based materials, transition metallic dichalcogenide (TMDCs) and MXenes. The emergence of 2D-quasi nanomembranes could be a solution to the conventional RO membranes that have high energy consumption and low permeability. Chapter 5 demonstrated the development of a polyamide thin film composite membrane through interfacial polymerization of mixed piperazine and 1,3-phenylenediamine (MPD) with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) on nylon 66 substrate for isopropanol dehydration. An extensive characterization of the physicochemical properties of the membrane was conducted to explain the findings obtained during the pervaporation process. Chapter 6 gave an overview of the carbonaceous nanomaterials such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene in wastewater treatment. Several mechanisms of solute removal in wastewater were elucidated, including adsorption, disinfections, advanced oxidation process and filtration. Chapter 7 provided insights into the development of magnetic materials for water treatment. The types of magnetic materials, synthesis routes and useful characterization techniques to study their magnetic properties have been provided. The second section of the book compiled the application of advanced materials in wastewater treatment. Chapter 8 summarized various types of direct membrane filtration for wastewater treatment. In this chapter, the driving forces, modules, and configuration of the membrane are described, followed by the challenges associated with membrane filtration and how the operating variables influence separation efficiency. In the following chapter, 3D printing technology in the development of a greener membrane was highlighted. The authors addressed the challenges of 3D printing in membrane engineering, including the poor material thermal stability and difficulty in fabricating membranes of pore below micrometer scale. Chapter 10 addressed the development of nanohybrid membranes for natural rubber wastewater treatment. This chapter summarizes the types of nanofillers used to develop nanohybrid membranes, characterization techniques and the evaluation of the filtration performance in treating the effluent discharged from natural rubber processing. The authors proposed integrated membrane process and photocatalytic membrane filtration as approaches to improve the productivity, product quality, energy consumption, environmental aspect, safety, and operational cost of membrane filtration. Chapter 11 addressed the application of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) in the agriculture industry. This chapter categorized the types of fillers that can be incorporated into a membrane matrix. The developed MMMs have huge potential to be applied in the purification of virgin coconut oil and the treatment of palm oil wastewater. Chapter 12 probed the applicability of organo-silica membranes for wetland saline water desalination. The authors highlighted the membrane fouling and mitigate it through hybridization with adsorption and coagulation as a pretreatment. The development of a photocatalytic integrated membrane was recommended to address the fouling issue. Chapter 13 highlighted doped metal oxides for photocatalytic degradation of dyes. Several types of metal oxides were discussed in this chapter, for instance, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, tin (IV) oxide and copper oxide. This book gathered valuable opinions from experts around the world in the relevant research field. Insightful information is provided based on the current advancement, challenges and future outlooks of advanced materials in wastewater treatment. The review was done based on the recently reported studies where the research was mostly conducted in the laboratory. These preliminary studies proved that advanced materials offer advantages over typical materials used in wastewater treatment with their high flexibility, application potential, smart characteristics and tailorable properties. It also serves as an important guideline for upscaling these technologies to an industrial level in the nearest future. The opinion can inspire the researchers involved in additive manufacturing, which is important in the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0. It also fills in the knowledge gaps and set up a clear direction for future research in advanced materials.

This study aims to explore the application of advanced materials in new energy vehicle (NEV) components and assess their contribution to enhancing the overall vehicle performance. With the growing global demand for sustainable transportation solutions, NEVs have become a significant direction for the automotive industry. Against this backdrop, the performance enhancement of components is key to achieving higher energy efficiency, longer driving range, and a better driving experience. This paper first reviews the development history of new energy vehicle technology and the classification of advanced materials, then analyzes in detail the application of advanced materials in battery systems, electric motors and electronic control systems, lightweight structures, and thermal management systems. Through experimental research and case studies, this paper evaluates the specific impact of these materials on component performance and discusses the challenges faced in practical applications and future development directions. The research results show that the application of advanced materials can significantly enhance the performance of new energy vehicles, providing strong technical support for the further development of new energy vehicles. Finally, this paper proposes solutions to the challenges and limitations of performance enhancement in the application of advanced materials and suggests future research directions.

This chapter accentuates the latest breakthrough in the advanced and intelligent materials' catalysis, sensing and wastewater treatment applications. The various engineered materials are securing the interest of researchers for optimized technical utilizations. This chapter discusses the number of catalytic and sensing operations of advanced and intelligent materials in detail. Catalysis and sensing phenomena involve the conversion of obtained signals into a readable format, and advanced materials with their superior optical, semiconducting or physical properties are studied widely. However, wastewater treatment needs adsorption and advanced oxidation of the different types of contaminants by the advanced materials. The list of advanced materials includes many organic/inorganic and natural/synthetic platforms with desired properties. These advanced materials have high biocompatibility and easy biodegradable characteristics. With the latest synthesis and functionalization methods, these advanced materials are becoming nanohybrid systems. This chapter covers implementing these nanohybrid systems for catalysis, wastewater treatment and sensing. The first half of the chapter focuses on introducing the basic catalytic, sensing and wastewater processes based on the application of advanced materials. However, the second half includes introducing various advanced materials in the techniques mentioned above.

Water scarcity affects around 40% of the world's population and, to make the situation worse, 80% of wastewater enters water bodies without being adequately treated. The term advanced materials can include nanomaterials, biomaterials and energy materials and many of these advanced materials have been demonstrated to be useful for removing pollutants from water. A wide range of advanced materials can be prepared through affordable, energy-efficient approaches and they can easily be retrofitted to existing wastewater systems. In the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in the field of synthesis and application of advanced materials especially for environmental remediation. Advanced Materials for Emerging Water Pollutant Removal focuses on the synthesis, characterisation and application of advanced materials that can be used for the removal of various emerging water pollutants. With an emphasis on renewable starting materials and sustainable processes this is a great book for environmental chemists, materials scientists and water treatment specialists alike.

Summary & ConclusionsIntelligent completion tools are permanently installed downhole in severe operating conditions and are designed to achieve high operational reliability in high temperature and pressure applications. The primary function of any intelligent completion is to allow the operator to remotely control the production or injection as well as to obtain real-time sensor data for each zone. This data feedback and accurate flow-control capability allows the operator to optimize reservoir performance and enhance reservoir management capabilities.Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a systematic technique of identifying, analyzing and preventing potential failure modes of a system, their causes and effects at system and mission level. A successful FMEA analysis helps to identify potential failure modes based on experience with similar products and processes or based on the understanding of common physics of failure. A variety of FMEAs can be performed during different product development stages such as Concept FMEA, System FMEA, Design or Process FMEA, etc. The primary purpose of each of these FMEAs is the identification of potential failure modes and mechanisms so that the risk of failure can be eliminated or controlled.FMEA typically helps to improve the design or process. But they may also provide inputs to test plans, test procedures, etc. and help develop a comprehensive design verification and reliability verification plan. A Design Verification Plan (DVP) identifies key activities required to analyze the effects of potential failure modes and take necessary actions to reduce the likelihood of failure. DVP includes a list of all physical test or analytical methods that will determine if the requirements are met. The DVP ultimately verifies and ensures that the product or system meets its design specifications and satisfies key performance requirements. Reliability verification plan (RVP) is an integral part of DVP which helps in identifying reliability tests for verifying product or system performance due to long term failure mechanisms based on lifetime stresses. RVP helps in evaluating reliability of the product across all operational stages during product’s lifetime.In the case history presented in this paper, a System FMEA was performed during a new product development considering key subsystems and interfaces across all operational stages. The FMEA highlighted key areas of concern related to operations, environment, well conditions, etc. along with human factors. The most important data field in the FMEA was found to be ‘cause of failure’. An effective FMEA involves describing the ‘causes’ with sufficient level of details to help comprehend underlying failure mechanisms. Causes in FMEA are the factors that activate a failure mechanism. For all high-risk issues, causes were defined at the failure mechanism level which invariably aid in understanding the requirements of physical test or analytical methods for developing robust verification plan.This paper examines the key steps required to make FMEA a powerful and effective process that can help in developing a comprehensive DVP and RVP. A case history of intelligent completion tool is presented to describe the use of FMEA in product development stages along with the guiding principles of establishing a robust relationship between FMEA, DVP and RVP. This paper establishes the criteria of classifying tests under DVP or RVP based on the test objective, underlying failure mechanisms, test requirements, etc.

Competition between the buckling-driven delamination and wrinkling in compressed thin coatings

Construction of an Unusual Two-Dimensional Layered Structure for Fused-Ring Energetic Materials with High Energy and Good Stability

Advanced material applications of starch and its derivatives

Effective protection against earthquakes has always challenged humanity. Aseismic isolation (AI) has provided an excellent solution and isolation systems (ISs) have improved seismic safety of the built environment. However, this improving impact of AI on seismic resilience is not appropriate to its capabilities and further attempts are required. Advanced materials provide great opportunities to make AI more effective in sustainable seismic resilience. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are known as the most favorable advanced materials for this purpose. SMA-based superelasticity-assisted slider (SSS) brings the advantages of SMAs in the practice of AI by innovatively combining them with the technically preferred sliding ISs. SSS is pioneered to seismically protect a broad variety of structures using a single platform. This IS can be implemented both traditionally by its construction-industry-friendly structure and in the industrialized style by means of isolation units. It is also facilitated by SSS to utilize other advanced materials such as nanomaterials and metamaterials. All these are discussed in this paper. The versatility of SSS is demonstrated by explanatory technical drawings and roles of alternative configurations that result in various hysteretic behaviors are investigated. Possible design strategies are studied for a typical office building and a sensitive medical equipment. Applications of other advanced materials are suggested and seismic performances of SSS are compared with those of currently used ISs in earthquake protection of a typical reinforced concrete building. It is shown that high seismic performances can be obtained by the practical applications of the advanced materials in the AI technology to obtain sustainability in seismic resilience.KeywordsAseismic isolationAdvanced materialsVersatilitySustainabilitySeismic resilienceBroad variety of structuresBuilt environment

Research in advanced materials is progressing on many fronts with significant developments in composite, smart and nano-scale materials. Industrial applications have also benefited from advances in material science and engineering. Substantial work, however, lies ahead to integrate advanced materials in engineering applications. One such application which has significant impact on both the economy and quality of life is acoustics and vibrations of materials and mechanical systems. Generally, however, materials and dynamics are considered by different groups with little or no interaction. The purpose of the International Conference on Advanced Materials for Application in Acoustics and Vibration (AMAAV)—held in Cairo, Egypt from January 4 to 6, 2009—was to bridge the gap between research and application in the significant field of dynamics, with emphasis on materials, by bringing together regional and international researchers and engineers to present and discuss recent developments in utilizing advanced materials in applications related to acoustics and vibration. It provided a forum for disseminating the latest research findings in material development, modeling, and testing under service loads and environments, derived from real life applications in which acoustics and vibrations play a major role in their design and performance. This special issue of Advances in Acoustics and Vibration contains papers contributed to AMAAV conference. The contributions contained in this issue address both purely dynamic problems and dynamics of/advanced materials. In the latter category, Buonsanti et al. investigate detection of defects in carbon/epoxy composites using ultrasonic testing, and Eldalil and Baz study active control of cylindrical shells subjected to internal pressure pulse using piezoelectric materials. Vibration problems are investigated in four contributed papers; Buonsanti et al. considered the effect of railway-induced vibrations on buildings; Di Mino et al. also considered vibrations caused by railways and investigated the role of open trenches in their reduction; Eldalil and Baz studied the effect of periodic stiffeners on the dynamic stability of cylindrical shells subjected to internal pressure pulse; Patwari et al. presented amethod for dynamic characterization of vertical machining. In acoustics, Ivansson considered the design of acoustic frequency insulators using phononic crystals. The time and effort spent by the authors in participating in the meeting and preparing the manuscripts for this special issue is greatly appreciated.

A novel machine learning model for innovative microencapsulation techniques and applications in advanced materials, textiles, and food industries

In the present work, a nonlinear coupled electro-magneto-elastic membrane formulation is developed for soft functional materials starting from the variational form of 3D governing equations. The resulting 2D model is applied to an internally pressurized cylindrical membrane in an azimuthal magnetic field and radial electric field. The results of our model are verified with existing literature for some special cases. The model is subsequently used to analyze mechanical and electrical limit-point instabilities and the effect of external fields on the onset of these instabilities. It is observed that the onset of mechanical limit-point instability, defined by a loss of monotonicity in the pressure versus deformation plots, is dependent on the material properties, geometrical parameters, and applied electromagnetic fields. Magnetic field-induced instability results in an initial dip in the pressure versus stretch plots, subsequently converging to the purely hyperelastic membrane behavior at larger stretches. On the other hand, applying an electric field results in an early onset of limit-point instability (i.e., at smaller stretches) compared to the hyperelastic case. In this work, we additionally observe the presence of an electrical limit-point instability, characterized by a loss of monotonicity in voltage versus stretch plots. The dependence of electrical-limit point on magnetic field and force inputs is studied. To the best of our knowledge, this effect has not been discussed in prior literature. Finally, we study the effect of Maxwell stress due to electromagnetic fields. It is observed that ignoring the Maxwell stress related traction boundary term results in an error of up to 10%, depending on the force and magnetic field inputs. In summary, our membrane model describes the interactions between the electromagnetic fields. The electric, magnetic and elastic limit points observed in these membranes under different set of loading conditions can be used towards improving the design of soft actuator and energy-harvesting devices.

Comparison of analytical results with finite element results for analysis of isotropic material multicell beams subjected to free torsion case is the main idea of this paper. Progress in the fundamentals and applications of advanced materials and their processing technologies involves costly experiments and prototype testing for reliability. The software development for design analysis of structures with advanced materials is a low cost but challenging research. Multicell beams have important industrial applications in the aerospace and automotive sectors. This paper explains software development to test different materials in design of a multicell beam. Objective of this paper is to compute the torsional loading of multicell beams of isotropic materials for safe design in both symmetrical and asymmetrical geometries. Software has been developed in Microsoft Visual Basic. Distribution of Saint Venant shear flows, shear stresses, factors of safety, volume, mass, weight, twist, polar moment of inertia and aspect ratio for free torsion in multicell beam have been calculated using this software. The software works on four algorithms, these are, Specific geometry algorithm, material selection algorithm, factor of safety algorithm and global algorithm. User can specify new materials analytically, or choose a pre-defined material from the list, which includes, plain carbon steels, low alloy steels, stainless steels, cast irons, aluminum alloys, copper alloys, magnesium alloys, titanium alloys, precious metals and refractory metals. Although this software is restricted to multicell beam comprising of three cells, however future versions can have ability to address more complicated shapes and cases of multicell beams. Software also describes nomenclature and mathematical formulas applied to help user understand the theoretical background. User can specify geometry of multicell beam for three rectangular cells. Software computes shear flows, shear stresses, safety factors etc in all members of three cell beam, analyzes safety of proposed design and provides output with highlighted comments and graphics, in cases where safety factor in any element of multicell beam falls below 1.5. Results of this software were compared and verified with analytical calculations and Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Development and use of this software provides an easy to use tool, for quick verification of different design cases in three cell beams composed of advanced isotropic materials. Furthermore, the methodology proposed is also useful for similar cases of research in reliable design studies and material analysis.

Phase transition and band structure tuned by uniaxial and biaxial strains are systematically investigated based on the density-functional theory for ordered Al1/2Ga1/2N alloys of complex structures. Although the structural transformations to graphite-like from wurtzite are energetically favorable for both types of strain, the phase transitions are different in nature: the second-order transition induced by uniaxial strain is jointly driven by the mechanical and dynamical instabilities and the first-order transition by biaxial strain only by the mechanical instability. The wurtzite phase always shows the direct band gap, while the band gap of the graphite-like phase is always indirect. Furthermore, the band gaps of the wurtzite phase can be reduced by both types of strain, while that of the graphite-like phase is enhanced by uniaxial strain and is suppressed by biaxial strain.