Abstract
AbstractSkin wounds and injuries are frequently occurring in farmed fish, particularly in more intensive production systems. Any disruptions of the skin, such as mucus removal, scale loss or deeper incisions, are negatively correlated with barrier functions and disease resistance. In this review, the current knowledge on mechanically induced wounds in fish is dedicated to five areas of focus: (i) The anatomy and functions of fish skin, (ii) Techniques to inflict mechanical skin damage in farmed and laboratory fish for experimental purposes, (iii) Healing mechanisms of deep wounds, (iv) In vitro models for wound healing studies and (v) Wound care, with focus on factors that may enhance or delay skin regenerative processes. The aim of the review was to presents key points for a better understanding of skin resilience and fish robustness, with focus on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in Norwegian coastal production environment.
Highlights
Skin wounds and diseases are emphasized as a primary constraint to the sustainable growth of many farmed aquaculture species (Groff 2001; Roberts 2012; Bruno et al 2013)
Skin wounds and injuries are frequently occurring in farmed fish, in more intensive production systems
The current knowledge on mechanically induced wounds in fish is dedicated to five areas of focus: (i) The anatomy and functions of fish skin, (ii) Techniques to inflict mechanical skin damage in farmed and laboratory fish for experimental purposes, (iii) Healing mechanisms of deep wounds, (iv) In vitro models for wound healing studies and (v) Wound care, with focus on factors that may enhance or delay skin regenerative processes
Summary
Skin wounds and diseases are emphasized as a primary constraint to the sustainable growth of many farmed aquaculture species (Groff 2001; Roberts 2012; Bruno et al 2013). Disruption of the skin and the associated mucus layer may be caused by mechanical trauma or ulcer-inducing diseases (Groff 2001). A distinction is made between mechanically induced wounds and those caused by pathogens or underlying pathologies triggered by, for example nutrition insufficiency or other dermatological diseases (Roberts 2012; Bruno et al 2013). A mechanically induced wound is defined as any disruption of the skin integrity including the mucus layer, and we separate between superficial wounds, partial-thickness wounds and deep wounds. Superficial and partial-thickness wounds may heal fast, hours to days, depending on the species and the temperature (Anderson & Roberts 1975; Richardson et al 2016). To which extent the three dimensions of the wound (depth and width) contributes to wound severity, and how environmental parameters and nutritional needs contribute to the healing rate, is still not completely understood
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