Abstract
The One-to-One program aims to reduce criminal recidivism among prisoners shortly awaiting release, and among probationers. Of 1,484 program participants in Sweden, 776 contained adequate data for analysis. Pre- and post-program scores were available for the Alternative Thinking Test, Levenson's Locus of Control Scale, Skill Survey, Citizen Scale, and Problem Checklist, all areas addressed in the program. This study examined predictive properties of test scores and background characteristics regarding recidivism, as well as differences between sub-groups. All post-tests indicated pro-social changes. Older participants were more likely to complete the program. The most potent predictor for non-recidivism was program completion, with non-completers 64% more likely to re-offend. Significant associations occurred between recidivism and the tests measuring skill improvement over time, chance locus of control pre- and post-program, and attitudes and values (Citizen Scale), partly supporting the theory behind the program.
Highlights
Criminal justice authorities have long been struggling to find effective ways to reduce recidivism in crime
Numerous cognitive behavioral theory (CBT) programs have been introduced during this time, and evaluations of recidivism as an outcome have shown that the programs are associated with lower recidivism rates, including the OTO program, with its 15% lower risk of recidivism for program completers, and a much higher risk of 61% for non-completers [14]
The most important variable protecting against recidivism in OTO-program participants was program completion, with non-completers 64% more likely to re-offend
Summary
Criminal justice authorities have long been struggling to find effective ways to reduce recidivism in crime. The conviction that rehabilitation of individuals in the criminal justice system would not work was widespread following [1] negative evaluation of treatment programs from the 50s and 60s, leading to use of the term "nothing works." A slow return to belief in the value of rehabilitation came in the 1990s, when meta-analyses showed that some programs did work, when they followed principles adapting content to participants' risk for reoffending, their specific offendingrelated problems or needs, and were built on responsivity to participants' learning styles [2]. In the OTOprogram the focus lies on finding examples from daily life and on giving homework, which gives the Psychological Change, Recidivism and One-to-One client an opportunity to practice actual execution of the problem solving skills [6] The format of this program is "one-to-one"; i.e., a counselor works individually with a client for up to twenty sessions over a period of several months.
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