Abstract
Simple SummaryClaw conformation is commonly measured in cattle. It can be measured at cow-side or, by using digital images, on a computer. This study compared, for five conformational features of the claw, measurements made directly from the hoof with those made from a digital image of the same claw. Of the five measures, only one, toe angle, had results where agreement was good enough for the two measurements to be used interchangeably. The variation in differences between the digital and manual results for the other four measures was too great for them to be used interchangeably. When measuring claw conformation, more attention needs to be paid to the method used and it should not just be assumed that a different technique would have produced the same result.Five measurements of claw conformation (toe angle, claw height, claw width, toe length and abaxial groove length) taken directly from the hoof were compared with the measurements taken from digital images of the same claws. Concordance correlation coefficients and limits-of-agreement analysis showed that, for four of the five measures (claw height, claw width, toe length and abaxial groove length), agreement was too poor for digital and manual measures to be used interchangeably. For all four of these measures, Liao’s modified concordance correlation coefficient (mCCC) was ≤0.4, indicating poor concordance despite Pearson’s correlation being >0.6 in all cases. The worst concordance was seen for toe length (mCCC = 0.13). Limits-of-agreement analysis showed that, for all four measures, there was a large variation in the difference between the manual and digital methods, even when the effect of mean on difference was accounted for, with the 95% limits-of-agreement for the four measures being further away from the mean difference than 10% of the mean in all four cases. The only one of the five measures with an acceptable concordance between digital and manual measurement was toe angle (mCCC = 0.81). Nevertheless, the limits-of-agreement analysis showed that there was a systematic bias with, on average, the manual measure of toe angle, being 2.1° smaller than the digital. The 95% limits-of-agreement for toe angle were ±3.4°, probably at the upper limit of what is acceptable. However, the lack of data on the variability of individual measurements of claw conformation means that it is unclear how this variability compares to measurement of toe angle in the same animal using the same or a different manual technique.
Highlights
It has long been recognized that being able to accurately assess conformational traits could be of significant benefit when determining selection policies and gauging the impact of factors, such as the environment and nutrition, on the hoof and on the risk of lameness [1]
In a review [3] eight traits were identified as being commonly used in the classification of bovine claws [3]: toe angle, length of dorsal border, heel height, diagonal length, claw length, toe height, claw width and surface area of the sole in ground contact
Length of dorsal border from skin: horn junction at coronary band to apex of toe (Measure A; Figure 1); Toe angle: Angle of dorsal border to weight-bearing surface; (Measure B; Figure 1); Length of the abaxial groove from the coronary band to base of claw; Claw width on the palmar/plantar surface, at widest point of claw in area of sole/bulb junction
Summary
It has long been recognized that being able to accurately assess conformational traits could be of significant benefit when determining selection policies and gauging the impact of factors, such as the environment and nutrition, on the hoof and on the risk of lameness [1]. There is, a need to employ accurate and repeatable measurement methods for trait evaluation in order to avoid the inaccuracies and biases inherent in systems based on visual appraisal [3]. A number of methods have been used to measure conformational traits. Measurements of toe angle have been made from digital images rather than directly from the foot [9,10]
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