Abstract
Background: It is difficult to observe the phenomena of cardiac fatigue under a low or moderate workload test, and little was reported about cardiac fatigue under a heavy workload test because of the potential risk (sudden death) of prolonged strenuous exercise. Animal experiments would be helpful to resolve this problem. The objective of this study was to obtain baseline data of two new indicators of cardiac reserve in rats, rabbits, and dogs. Methods: Ten New Zealand White rabbits (1. 5 to 2 kg, 4 females), 10 male Wistar rats (2 months old), and 10 Golden Retriever dogs (40 days old, 5 females) were included in this study. Phonocardiogram of each animal was recorded. The basic points concerning heart sound quantitative analysis were: 1) measuring the duration and the amplitude of relevant heart sound components; 2) calculating and analyzing relevant indicators based on the data obtained from the above measurements, including the ratio of diastolic to systolic duration (D/S) and the ratio of the amplitude of the first heart sound to the amplitude of the second heart sound (S1/S2). Results: The baseline data of D/S ratio and S1/S2 ratio in rats, rabbits, and dogs were obtained. The swimming time to exhaustion for rabbits was several to a dozen minutes, and for rats, several hours. Conclusion: D/S ratio has an important biological implication, which is a safe and easy indicator for evaluating the cardiac health status of both animals and humans.
Highlights
Studies of cardiac reserve of rats, rabbits, and dogs have started since the 1960s and continued today [1,2,3]
It is difficult to observe the phenomena of cardiac fatigue under a low or moderate workload test, and little was reported about cardiac fatigue under a heavy workload test because of the potential risk of prolonged strenuous exercise
We presented an indicator D/S ratio to evaluate whether the myocardial perfusion time is sufficient or not [7,8,9], which is an indicator of cardiac reserve, because it relates to how much nutrition and oxygen will be available during systole, and relates to ventricular filling and cardiac output
Summary
Studies of cardiac reserve of rats, rabbits, and dogs have started since the 1960s and continued today [1,2,3] These studies, did not involve the ratio of diastolic to systolic duration (D/S) and the ratio of the amplitude of the first heart sound to the amplitude of the second heart sound (S1/S2). Hsieh and his colleagues have studied S1/S2 ratio [6] They concluded that the first heart sound (S1) is a direct manifestation of the left ventricular contractile state; the amplitude of S1 is proportional to the rate of left ventricular pressure rise (LV dP/dt); S1, corrected for S2, is decreased in patients with impaired LV systolic function; digital phonocardiography appears promising. Conclusion: D/S ratio has an important biological implication, which is a safe and easy indicator for evaluating the cardiac health status of both animals and humans
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