Measurement of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Antibodies

Abstract

Janssen et al in this journal published their paper “Measurement of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine responses for immunodeficiency diagnostics: combined IgG responses compared to serotype specific IgG responses”. It is important to note that the message of this study is the observation that measuring antibodies against a mixture of all 23 pneumococcal serotype polysaccharides by ELISA does not reliably identify patients with a deficient response to pneumococcal polysaccharides. This holds true for patients with CVID, Specific Antibody Deficiency (SAD) or any other immunodeficiency affecting antibody production. Therefore, this study confirms a finding that is well established and beyond question; the only way to properly assess the ability of producing IgG anti-pneumococcal antibodies is to measure antibodies to each serotype individually. This is particularly important in the diagnosis of SAD since this deficiency is defined as an abnormal response to pure pneumococcal polysacchrides, as in the 23-valent poneumococcal vaccine [1]. Now that most young patients are already vaccinated with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and may have developed antibodies to serotypes present in these vaccines, the global ELISA test would not be able to identify the lack of response to serotypes that are only in the 23-valent polysaccharide and not in the conjugate vaccines. The study by Janssen et al does lend further clarification about the value of the Luminex method for the diagnosis of SAD. The Luminex method is now used by most commercial laboratories in the USA because it offers significant logistic advantages over the well-standardized but more cumbersome WHO ELISA method. Luminex allows the simultaneous quantitation of multiple serotype-specific antibodies. Both the third generation WHO ELISA and Luminex based tests offered in the USA incorporate double absorption of samples with cell wall polysaccharide (CPS) and serotype 22F. The WHO ELISA test results have been shown to correlate closely with opsonophagocytosis (OPA) measurements [2, 3]. Although the Luminex method has been approved for the measurement of specific anti-pneumococcal serotype IgG antibodies, the correlation of this test with the standard ELISA test is poor and its use as s a diagnostic tool for SAD still needs further study. Recent studies designed to validate the Luminex assay for anti-pneumococcal IgG antibodies have shown different degrees of variability when compared to the ELISA method [4]. Results obtained in a recent comprehensive com-