Measurement of Full Diffusion Tensor Distribution Using High-Gradient Diffusion MRI and Applications in Diffuse Gliomas

Abstract

Diffusion MRI is widely used for the clinical examination of a variety of diseases of the nervous system. However, clinical MRI scanners are mostly capable of magnetic field gradients in the range of 20–80 mT/m and are thus limited in the detection of small tissue structures such as determining axon diameters. The availability of high gradient systems such as the Connectome MRI scanner with gradient strengths up to 300 mT/m enables quantification of the reduction of the apparent diffusion coefficient and thus resolution of a wider range of diffusion coefficients. In addition, biological tissues are heterogenous on many scales and the complexity of tissue microstructure may not be accurately captured by models based on pre-existing assumptions. Thus, it is important to analyze the diffusion distribution without prior assumptions of the underlying diffusion components and their symmetries. In this paper, we outline a framework for analyzing diffusion MRI data with b-values up to 17,800 s/mm2 to obtain a Full Diffusion Tensor Distribution (FDTD) with a wide variety of diffusion tensor structures and without prior assumption of the form of the distribution, and test it on a healthy subject. We then apply this method and use a machine learning method based on K-means classification to identify features in FDTD to visualize and characterize tissue heterogeneity in two subjects with diffuse gliomas.