Measurement and advanced data post-processing of proton resonance frequency shift in 7 T MRI to obtain local temperature in a tissue-mimicking phantom

Abstract

Abstract The radio-frequency (RF) transmit power deposition in tissue during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ultra-high fields, i.e. B 0 ≥ 7 T, is a major challenge for pulse sequences requesting large flip angles. The absorbed RF energy can pose safety risk to patients as it is rising temperature in the tissue. The temperature can be accessed using MRI itself via the proton-resonance frequency (PRF) shift technique, which at low B 0 has been shown a valid MR thermometry method. In this paper, we explore the applicability of the PRF method to the assessment of local temperature in 7 T MRI procedures. To this end, we built a phantom filled with a material presenting electrical conductivity and permittivity close to muscle tissue. Tubes filled with oil were placed nearby the phantom to observe the time dependent B 0 drift. MRI phase images were acquired by gradient-echo (GRE) sequences at time points between spin-echo sequences with large flip angle allowing for a continuous assessment of the temperature during a 114 min RF-heating experiment. All acquired phase images were post-processed with attention to the time dependent instability of B 0, and, in addition, to potential spatial and temporal phase discontinuities, known as wraps. In this paper, we present a strategy to analyze and to unfold these phase wraps for large measurement fields and long acquisition times. It is shown that the PRF shift method is beneficial for the assessment of temperature at 7 T MRI. The temperature maps for axial and coronal planes display a temperature increase of approximately 3.5 °C during the time of the RF-heating experiment. Overall it is shown that B 0-drift correction and, importantly, the spatio-temporal unwrapping are an indispensable part of post-processing.