Meaning-Making After Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence Among Young Sexual Minority Men: A Qualitative Study.

A Longitudinal Investigation of Intimate Partner Violence Among Mothers With Mental Illness

Severe mental illness, substance use, and intimate partner violence have emerged as major intersecting public health problems that adversely and disproportionately impact the lives of women in the United States. This longitudinal study investigated the demographic and clinical correlates of intimate partner violence in a sample of 324 mothers with severe mental illness. A secondary analysis of longitudinal data was conducted by using multiple logistic regression. Participants were part of a longitudinal, community-based study of mothers with severe mental illness, which was aimed at understanding how these mothers viewed motherhood. The women were interviewed initially at baseline (interviews were conducted between 1995 and 1996) and then about 20 months later at follow-up (interviews were conducted between 1997 and 1998). At follow-up the prevalence rate of intimate partner violence was 19%. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed a significant positive relationship between alcohol and drug misuse at baseline and intimate partner violence at follow-up, indicating that women with a co-occurring diagnosis of a substance use disorder (dual diagnosis) were more likely than women without such a diagnosis to report intimate partner violence. The number of lifetime psychiatric hospitalizations and the number of symptoms related to psychiatric disability exhibited at baseline were positively associated with intimate partner violence at follow-up, and age was inversely associated with intimate partner violence. Mental health professionals serving mothers with mental health problems need to be aware of and prepared to assess the significant correlation between these intersecting public health problems in order to influence successful interventions. Particular attention must be given to the special treatment needs related to dual diagnosis and victimization and the impact of these factors on this vulnerable population.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to myriad adverse biopsychosocial health outcomes, especially among young sexual minority men (YSMM). IPV is characterized by physical, psychological, or sexual harm inflicted by an intimate partner, and a growing body of evidence suggests that ACEs have a significant role in negatively shaping the psychosocial development of children and adolescents. Yet, few studies have qualitatively explored IPV in YSMM, let alone how ACEs influence perceptions of IPV in this population. This study examines IPV experiences among a diverse sample of (n = 26) YSMM living in New York City. Key themes regarding ACEs emerged from (n = 20) participants' reports of IPV: (a) childhood maltreatment (i.e., physical, psychological, and sexual abuse), (b) household dysfunction (i.e., witnessing domestic violence, family behavioral health problems), (c) exposure to community/neighborhood violence, and (d) peer victimization. Consistent with prior research, participants described how ACEs adversely contributed to present beliefs about intimate relationships, attitudes toward IPV, and dating behaviors. Most participants identified older male family members as perpetrators of childhood maltreatment and attributed heterosexism to household and peer victimization ACEs. Narratives gathered for this study highlight the critical need to address ACEs in IPV interventions for YSMM, with a focus on unlearning harmful conflict resolution behaviors and promoting healthy relationship dynamics. The compounded challenges faced by YSMM of color further underscore the need for tailored advocacy and treatments to prevent IPV and mitigate its long-term health outcomes. This study discusses implications for future research, practice, and policy aimed at addressing the impact of IPV on YSMM, thereby reducing the associated health challenges within this population.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a critical yet understudied issue among young sexual minority men (YSMM) who use substances, who experience heightened vulnerability due to intersecting forms of stigma, discrimination, and structural marginalisation. Most studies have narrowly focused on victimisation, often excluding the experiences of perpetration or bidirectional IPV. There is limited understanding on IPV intersecting racial, ethnic, and sexual identity groups, or to exploring multiple forms of IPV including emotional, physical/sexual, controlling, monitoring, and HIV-related abuse. Data were drawn from a racially and ethnically diverse online sample of cisgender YSMM (N=277) in 2022-2024. Participants reported lifetime and past-year experiences of IPV victimisation, perpetration, and bidirectional IPV across multiple IPV domains. Socio-demographic characteristics and substance use patterns, were examined in relation to IPV experiences. Rates of lifetime IPV were high: 69.7% reported victimisation;47.7% reported perpetration;and 44.4% experienced bidirectional IPV. In the past year, 65.0% reported IPV victimisation, 43.3% reported perpetration, and 39.4% experienced bidirectional IPV. Emotional and physical/sexual IPV were the most common types. Nearly 40% of participants reported frequent IPV victimisation in the past year, with emotional IPV (30.0%) being the most prevalent. Participants identifying as Black, Latino/Hispanic, mixed-race, or bisexual, and those with lower educational attainment reported higher rates of IPV experiences. Substance use was significantly linked to higher rates of multiple forms of IPV, especially frequent and bidirectional IPV. The syndemic interplay between substance use and IPV among YSMM means that public health responses need to culturally responsive and trauma-informed for the developmental and intersectional contexts of this population.

Those who have served in the military are at heightened risk for intimate partner violence (IPV), defined as threatened or actual physical, sexual, or psychological abuse from a current or former romantic partner, relative to the general population. However, no known efforts have compared patterns of IPV use (i.e., perpetration) and IPV experience (i.e., victimization) disaggregated by current military affiliation (i.e., service member or veteran), nor have they compared patterns of unidirectional IPV (either IPV use or experience only) versus bidirectional IPV (i.e., concurrent IPV use and IPV experience) by military affiliation. Using dyadic data from United States service members, veterans, and their spouses who participated in the Millennium Cohort Family Study-the only Department of Defense-wide longitudinal study on military families-we compared rates and frequencies of IPV use, IPV experience, and IPV patterns between service members (n = 2,301) and veterans (n = 1,877). An estimated 37.6% of service members and 47.9% of veterans had any IPV experience; 36.4% of service members and 50.8% of veterans had any IPV use. Veterans had higher rates of IPV experience (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.10, 1.85]) and IPV use (aOR: 1.67; 95% CI [1.29, 2.18]). After adjusting for bidirectionality, veterans had higher rates of bidirectional IPV (aOR: 1.62; 95% CI [1.22, 2.15]) and IPV use (aOR: 2.19; 95% CI [1.29, 3.27]), but not IPV experience. Veterans had an increase in the expected frequency of IPV experience by 47% (adjusted incidence rate ratios [IRR] = 1.47; 95% CI [1.19, 1.81]) and IPV use by 65% (IRR = 1.65, 95% CI [1.35, 2.00]), relative to service members. These findings underscore the value of investment in IPV prevention and treatment upon separation from military service, and the need for targeted programming and resources to address bidirectional IPV among both partners in a dyad.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent among young sexual minority men (YSMM) and is associated with numerous health problems in this population. Despite this, no interventions exist to reduce or prevent IPV in YSMM. Indeed, most existing IPV interventions were designed for cisgender heterosexual people, revealing a significant disparity in prevention efforts. To address this gap, we developed and pilot-tested a novel intervention aimed at preventing IPV in YSMM, the Protecting Relationships in Sexual Minority Men (PRISMM) program. The program contains modules on IPV education, emotion regulation, and communication skills, with discussions of healthy masculinity throughout. The primary aim of this pilot study was to assess the intervention’s feasibility and acceptability, with an exploratory aim to assess the intervention’s efficacy at increasing IPV knowledge and reducing IPV at follow-up among a sample of 26 YSMM. The results of the study indicate the intervention is highly feasible, and quantitative and qualitative data suggest that participants found the intervention to be highly acceptable, useful, and necessary. Analyses also suggest that the intervention was efficacious at increasing IPV knowledge. Additionally, PRISMM shows promise in preventing IPV over time among those who attended at least one session compared with those who did not attend any. The results of this study underscore the vital need to develop and test IPV interventions that are specifically designed for YSMM—a population that has been historically marginalized and burdened by other health disparities (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus). Researchers must now conduct a randomized controlled trial to test the intervention’s effectiveness, using a large sample and more refined measurement instruments, to determine the intervention’s impact on preventing IPV in this population.

Short-Term Effects of Peer-Bullying Victimization on Intimate Partner Violence.

While there has been a growth in studies examining sexual violence among sexual minority men, little research attention has been paid to the experience of sexual violence among young sexual minority men (YSMM). In this article we analyze secondary data from the baseline of a pilot randomized control trial with 318 YSMM aged 15 to 24 years in the United States who were in relationships with other males to examine the associations between sexual minority-specific stigma and sociodemographic and relationship characteristics and experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual IPV in their relationships. Approximately one-in-five participants reported experiencing any form of IPV and 6% reported sexual IPV in their current relationship. Participants who reported sexual minority-specific familial rejection (Adjusted Odds Rato (aOR) = 2.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.03, 5.26], p < .05), internalized heterosexism (aOR = 3.17, 95% CI [1.45, 6.95], p < .01), and housing insecurity (aOR = 7.22, 95% CI [1.66, 31.34], p < .01) reported higher odds of sexual IPV in their relationship. Study findings point to the role of multiple sexual minority-specific forms of stigma in creating vulnerabilities for the experience of sexual IPV among YSMM, and highlight the need for continued research and interventions that address sexual minority-specific stigma and structural vulnerabilities to guide violence prevention efforts with YSMM.

Background: Women veterans may be at high risk for intimate partner violence (IPV), which increases susceptibility for negative physical and mental health. IPV experiences and use have not previously been studied among the newest generation of women veterans who deployed to the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Method: This study examined the correlates of IPV in a sample of 102 women veterans who had deployed to the conflicts in Iraq or Afghanistan and who were in current intimate relationships. Using an anonymous web-based survey, participants completed measures of combat and sexual harassment exposure during deployment, measures of mental health and substance abuse, intimate relationship satisfaction, and recent IPV. Results: Results indicated that 63% of the sample reported experiencing any IPV in the past 6 months, whereas 73% reported using IPV toward their partner in the past 6 months. Linear regressions indicated intimate relationship satisfaction explained significant variance in recent psychological IPV, whereas alcohol misuse and recent psychological IPV experiences explained significant variance in physical IPV experiences and use and sexual IPV experiences. Conclusion: Women veterans in this study reported high levels of recent IPV experiences as well as the use of IPV. Results suggest the need to assess for both IPV use and IPV experiences in medical settings, and that for some women veterans, IPV prevention that focuses on healthy relationship functioning may be beneficial.

Pregnancy represents a time of increased risk for intimate partner violence (IPV), and an HIV diagnosis further increases the vulnerability of this at-risk group. This study explores experiences of recent IPV using qualitative interviews with N = 12 HIV-positive pregnant women recruited from a clinical setting in South Africa, a location with a high global prevalence of IPV and HIV. Partner dynamics around IPV resulted in HIV shame and stigma and adversely affected engagement in HIV care and HIV treatment behaviors. The results highlight the challenges women face in navigating disclosure of both IPV and HIV, accessing necessary support, and engaging in both HIV-related and pregnancy-related care in the context of an abusive relationship.

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a global public health concern. While community-level gender norms and attitudes to IPV are recognised drivers of IPV risk, there is little evidence on how interventions might tackle these drivers to prevent IPV at the community-level. This secondary analysis of data from the SASA! study explores the pathways through which SASA!, a community mobilisation intervention to prevent violence against women, achieved community-wide reductions in physical IPV.MethodsFrom 2007 to 2012 a cluster randomised controlled trial (CRT) was conducted in eight communities in Kampala, Uganda. Cross-sectional surveys of a random sample of community members, aged 18–49, were undertaken at baseline (n = 1583) and 4 years post intervention implementation (n = 2532). We used cluster-level intention to treat analysis to estimate SASA!’s community-level impact on women’s past year experience of physical IPV and men’s past year perpetration of IPV. The mediating roles of community-, relationship- and individual-level factors in intervention effect on past year physical IPV experience (women)/perpetration (men) were explored using modified Poisson regression models.ResultsSASA! was associated with reductions in women’s past year experience of physical IPV (0.48, 95 % CI 0.16–1.39), as well as men’s perpetration of IPV (0.39, 95 % CI 0.20–0.73). Community-level normative attitudes were the most important mediators of intervention impact on physical IPV risk, with norms around the acceptability of IPV explaining 70 % of the intervention effect on women’s experience of IPV and 95 % of the effect on men’s perpetration. The strongest relationship-level mediators were men’s reduced suspicion of partner infidelity (explaining 22 % of effect on men’s perpetration), and improved communication around sex (explaining 16 % of effect on women’s experience). Reduced acceptability of IPV among men was the most important individual-level mediator (explaining 42 % of effect on men’s perpetration).ConclusionsThese results highlight the important role of community-level norm-change in achieving community-wide reductions in IPV risk. They lend strong support for the more widespread adoption of community-level approaches to preventing violence.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00790959. Registered 13th November 2008.The study protocol is available at: http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/13/1/96Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3018-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The practice of screening women for intimate partner violence (IPV) in health care settings has been a critical part of responding to this major public health problem. Yet, IPV prevention would be enhanced with detection efforts that extend beyond screening for IPV experiences to identifying those who use violence in relationships as well. To determine rates of IPV experiences and use (ie, among perpetrators of IPV) and factors associated with disclosures among adult patients seeking mental health services at the Veterans Health Administration. This cross-sectional study used electronic medical record data drawn from a quality improvement initiative at 5 Veterans Health Administration medical centers conducted between November 2021 and February 2022 to examine IPV disclosures following concurrent screening for IPV experience and use. Participants included patients engaged in mental health services. Data were analyzed in April and May 2023. Mental health clinicians were trained to screen for IPV experience and use concurrently and instructed to screen all patients encountered through routine mental health care visits during a 3-month period. Outcomes of interest were past-year prevalence of IPV use and experience, sociodemographic characteristics, and clinical diagnoses among screened patients. A total of 200 patients were offered IPV screening. Of 155 participants (mean [SD] age, 52.45 [15.65] years; 124 [80.0%] men) with completed screenings, 74 (47.7%) denied past-year IPV experience and use, 76 (49.0%) endorsed past-year IPV experience, and 72 (46.4%) endorsed past-year IPV use, including 67 participants (43.2%) who reported IPV experience and use concurrently; only 9 participants (5.8%) endorsed unidirectional IPV experiences and 5 participants (3.2%) endorsed unidirectional IPV use. Patients who reported past-year IPV experience and use were younger than those who denied IPV (experience: mean difference, -7.34 [95% CI, 2.51-12.17] years; use: mean difference, -7.20 [95% CI, 2.40-12.00] years). Patients with a posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis were more likely to report IPV use (43 patients [59.7%]) than those without a posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis (29 patients [40.3%]; odds ratio, 2.14; [95% CI, 1.12-4.06]). No other demographic characteristics or clinical diagnoses were associated with IPV use or experience. In this cross-sectional study of IPV rates and associated factors, screening for IPV found high rates of both IPV experience and use among patients receiving mental health care. These findings highlight the benefit of screening for IPV experience and use concurrently across gender and age. Additionally, the associations found between PTSD and IPV use underscore the importance of strengthening and developing additional targeted treatment for IPV.

As a wicked problem, intimate partner violence (IPV) is complex, multi-dimensional and global. It is influenced by intersecting social, environmental, and political factors. Therefore, it requires a multifaceted response to minimize the health, economic and social burdens associated with experiences of violence. Given the complexity of the problem of IPV, a 'one size fits all' approach to assessment and response is no longer sufficient. Our efforts must now be focused on advancing nurses' skills to deliver care that is tailored to meet the diverse needs of women and other groups at disproportionate risk of IPV. These nurse-led interventions then need to be strategically implemented and sufficiently resourced within care contexts, where cultural, physical and emotional safety are prioritized. In this Special Issue we use selected examples of the included articles to illustrate how internationally, nurses are leading the development, evaluation, and implementation of healthcare responses to identify and respond to individuals experiencing IPV. However, because of the complexity and tenacity of the problem of IPV, we cannot stand still. Nursing needs to evolve and adapt. With this in mind, we focus on advances in the following areas: improving nurse education on IPV; person-centred and trauma-and violence-informed care; healthcare organization's initiatives to tackling IPV. Global estimates are that one in three women will experience IPV or non-partner sexual violence at least once in their lifetime (World Health Organization, 2021) and that interpersonal violence is associated with negative and serious reproductive, physical and mental health outcomes. In a study to determine the prevalence of dating violence (a risk indicator for future IPV) among nursing students enrolled at a university in Spain, Barroso-Corroto et al. (2023) reported that 53.2% of nursing students had experienced dating violence in the last year, with the same number perpetrating violence, including cyberviolence, against their partner. Given the high prevalence of IPV, we can postulate with a high degree of certainty that all nurses will provide care to a survivor of violence during their career or be a survivor themselves. Yet nursing students and practicing nurses remain woefully unprepared to ask about, and more critically to provide comprehensive nursing care in response to IPV disclosures. In two studies of nursing students from Thailand (Udmuangpia, 2023) and Saudi Arabia (Shaqiqi & Innab, 2023), many participants (40–75%) reported not receiving IPV education; and even in the presence of positive intentions, attitudes or knowledge to ask about IPV, participants consistently reported low perceptions about their intentions to ask, or preparedness to manage IPV disclosures. It is imperative that organizations responsible for the accreditation of nursing education programs develop entry-to-practice competencies for the nursing care of individuals who experience interpersonal trauma across the life course. Moreover, educational opportunities for nursing students and practicing nurses must advance beyond the provision of single workshops focused on the epidemiology and health consequences of IPV. Instead, there need to be comprehensive and regular opportunities to engage in opportunities for skill development, practice and reflection. In their integrative review of community nurse-led interventions to identify and respond to domestic abuse in the postnatal period, one of the key training recommendations proposed by Drake and Murphy Tighe (2023) is for the provision of training that includes refresher updating, supervision, and ongoing mentorship. Nursing needs to move on from a focus on identifying strategies and barriers to recognize or 'screen' for IPV. We know enough about the problem. It is imperative now that the spotlight is on how to create safe environments that facilitate disclosures and appropriate responses that meet the individual needs of people who have a history of past or current IPV. In all care contexts, when individuals disclose experiences of IPV, all nurses need to be prepared to provide the first-line response of LIVES (Listen, Inquire about needs, Validate, Enhance safety and support) as recommended by the World Health Organization (2014). However, there will be certain contexts where a homogenous response to an IPV disclosure is not sufficient, and nurses must have the knowledge and skills to provide care that is tailored to the needs of a specific population. This needs to reflect the type(s) of IPV experienced and include interventions to promote safety, as well as address the health effects of IPV. In this Special Issue, we are pleased to include articles that deepen our understanding of the prevalence, risk indicators and experiences of violence among diverse populations. Awareness and identification of populations at disproportionate risk for IPV are critical for providing person-centred responses to individuals' health and social needs within healthcare contexts. Using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (United States), in a cross-sectional sample of 43,837 individuals with a live birth, respondents with disabilities had 2.6 times the odds of experiencing IPV before pregnancy and 2.5 times the odds of experiencing IPV during pregnancy, compared to individuals in the perinatal period without disabilities (Alhusen et al., 2023). In a systematic review to examine the relationship between IPV exposure and women with breast and gynaecologic cancers, Sheikhnezhad et al. (2023) highlight that women with these types of cancer are at the greatest risk of psychological IPV and that maintaining a relationship with the perpetrator negatively influenced their use and access to treatment and quality of life during treatment. In addition to recognizing violence perpetrated against women and children, nurses have a responsibility to understand the types of IPV experienced by people from sexual and gender minority populations. In a qualitative descriptive study, Choi et al. (2023) provide a rich and in-depth analysis of the varied types of sexual violence, including chemsex, stealthing and image-based violence, as experienced by Chinese men who have sex with men who use dating 'apps' in Hong Kong. Acceptance or 'normalization' of sexual violence, along with experiences of stigmatization and discrimination, provides insights on how experiences of violence subsequently influence their health behaviours, including reticence to obtain HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (Choi et al., 2023). Nurses' understanding that experiences of different types of IPV necessitates different nursing responses is also critical. In their commentary on nurses' experiences in identifying and responding to IPV among gay and bisexual men, Callan et al. (2023) challenge the profession to recognize that applying heterosexual paradigms to capture different experiences/types of abuse in gay and bisexual populations may be problematic, and that differential tools and tailored responses are needed. Individual nurses cannot be expected to practice within a vacuum. Comprehensive organizational support is essential for ensuring that IPV training initiatives are sustained and that nursing approaches to IPV assessment and intervention are implemented and consistently delivered. In Spain, Maquibar Landa et al. (2023) explain that the enactment of the 'Andalusion Protocol for Healthcare Response to Gender Based Violence' has enabled the establishment of a supportive legal framework and health system to address IPV, and that this has created a care context where nurses are able to implement evidence-informed practices for caring for women who have experienced IPV. At a practical level, organizational support should at minimum consist of an investment of time and resources to provide nurses with high-quality reflective and clinical supervision, the identification of IPV practice 'champions' to role model best practices, the development and implementation of care pathways, protocols and the establishment of partnerships between service organization to facilitate interagency referrals (Drake & Murphy Tighe, 2023; Jack et al., 2023). With strong leadership and organizational support, nurses are better able to provide the person-centred and trauma-and violence-informed nursing care that are required. We consider it important that nurses move beyond the often-standard processes of identifying IPV and then referring onto other specialized supports, to delivering interventions that address the social or health effects associated with exposure to violence or traumatic stress. In home visitation programmes, where nurses provide health promotion supports and services to pregnant individuals or families with young children, findings from a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis, indicate that nurses have specialized roles in conducting risk assessments to inform the development of tailored safety plans, promoting child safeguarding and coordinating services (Adams et al., 2023). Researchers in nursing and health services are actively engaged in developing and evaluating new interventions to address the health effects associated with violence exposure. For pregnant women who have experienced IPV, the provision of 12 sessions of trauma-and violence-informed cognitive behavioural therapy by a clinical nurse specialist is showing promise as an intervention to identify potential triggers in pregnancy, develop appropriate coping strategies and advocate for their needs to best cope with their stressors and pain (Mantler et al., 2023). Similarly, for nurses working with perpetrators of violence, a nurse-led, 15-session videoconference-delivered cognitive behavioural group therapy is also showing promise as an intervention where participants report high levels of satisfaction and completion (Nesset et al., 2023). For women who receive care after non-fatal strangulation in an emergency department, forensic nurse examiners have a critical role in assessing symptoms and injuries, communicating diagnoses, validating patient experiences and ensuring a thorough and objective documentation of their findings (Patch et al., 2023). By its very nature, a wicked problem is difficult to solve, but nursing makes a considerable contribution to addressing IPV. The articles in this Special Issue attest to the cutting-edge work happening within the profession and we are delighted to showcase such work within JAN. However, if nursing is to continue to make the required strides and impacts, we have highlighted the imperative to improve nursing education on IPV and for nursing care to be person-centred and trauma-and violence-informed. We have also called for healthcare organizations to provide the resources and infrastructure that are required to support nursing's contribution to tackling IPV. All authors agreed the parameters of the editorial and were involved with the handling of the submitted manuscripts. SJ led on the analysis of the included articles and preparation of the first draft of the manuscript. CB-J edited the manuscript and agreed on the final version. None. There was no funding to support this work. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a global public health problem, including in low- and middle-income country settings, and are associated with increased risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) during young adulthood. However, current measurement of ACEs may underestimate sequelae of different combinations, or classes, of ACEs and mask class-specific associations with adult exposure to IPV. We used data among ever-partnered young women and men aged 18-24years from the Cambodia Violence Against Children Survey (Nw = 369; Nm = 298). Participants retrospectively reported on seven ACEs and lifetime physical and/or sexual IPV victimization and perpetration. Latent classes comprised of ACEs were used as predictors of physical and/or sexual IPV perpetration and victimization, controlling for household wealth. Identified latent classes for women were "Low ACEs" (60%), "Community Violence and Physical Abuse" (23%), and "Physical, Sexual and Emotional Abuse" (17%). Latent classes for men were "Low ACEs" (48%) and "Household and Community Violence" (52%). Among women, those in the Physical, Sexual and Emotional Abuse class were more likely to experience and perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV in their romantic relationships compared to the reference group (Low ACEs). Women in the Community Violence and Physical Abuse class were more likely to perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV, but not experience IPV, compared to women in the Low ACEs class. Among men, those in the Household and Community Violence class were more likely to perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV against a partner, compared to men in the Low ACEs class. Overall, patterns of ACEs were differently associated with IPV outcomes among young women and men in Cambodia. National violence prevention efforts might consider how different combinations of childhood experiences shape risk of young adulthood IPV and tailor interventions accordingly to work with youth disproportionately affected by varied combinations of ACEs.

Sexual Orientation Disparities in Experiences of Male-Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence: A Focus on the Preconception and Perinatal Period.