Abstract
The ever-increasing demand for electrical energy in recent decades has necessitated the exploration of alternative energy sources, one of which is solar energy. The most practical means of utilizing solar energy is through the use of a Photovoltaic (PV) system. Nevertheless, the energy harvested by PV modules is constrained by low conversion efficiency, nonlinearity, and susceptibility to weather conditions, such as temperature and irradiance levels. To address these limitations, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques have been developed to optimize the output of PV systems under specific circumstances. This academic article provides an in-depth analysis of the most widely used MPPT techniques, utilizing both traditional and soft computing methods. The article discusses the fundamental principles and practical applications of these techniques, as well as the challenges associated with MPPT, such as coping with rapidly changing irradiance and partial shading scenarios.
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